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Dynamics of the development of kazakh-turkish relations at the present stage

In this paper, I consider the complex process of forming political, economic and cultural relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey over a 20 year period since the new strategy of cooperation in the international arena has developed since Kazakhstan gained independence.The work focuses on the disclosure of the historical foundations of interaction between Kazakhstan and Turkey, such as the Turkic era, the unified political and spiritual Turkic field, the idea of «Eurasianism», which have become a reference point for the further fruitful development of cooperation between the two countries today. The main directions of the foreign policy of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey in the world community, the level and dynamics of the interaction of countries, the chronology of diplomatic meetings, negotiations and their implementation in the international arena are revealed.

The sources of this work were documents and materials of negotiations, official visits of the presidents of countries, speeches and interviews of ambassadors and politicians. In this context, the works of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan NA Nazarbayev, politician K. K. Tokayev and the Presidents of Turkey Turgut Ozal (1989-1993) were the important aspect for the process of establishing diplomatic relations and dynamic development of Kazakhstan and Turkey in the field of economy, politics and culture. ), Suleiman Demirel (1993-2000), Abdullah Gul (August 28, 2007). In studying the issues of socio-economic development of Turkey and Kazakhstan and integration processes, materials from the works of well-known Turkic scientists and political scientists MA Gasratyan, S.V. Geghamyan, A.A. Isaeva, G.I. Mamedov, A.K. Kerimov, N.N.Livintsev.

Relations between Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey originated in ancient times. The theoretician, medievalist, culturologist and Europeanist P.M., Bicilli, in his studies on the panorama “East and West” noted that some Turks, already moving to the west in the 11th century, “split off from the general Turkic-Mongolian mass”. After that, the unity of the Turanian world collapses irrevocably. Instead of one, there are two centers of Turanian expansion: the western and eastern, two Turkeys: one “real” in Turkestan, the other “Iranized” on the Bosporus. And in the future, expansion expands in parallel and simultaneously. P.M. Bicilli opposes Central Asia and the Middle East, but he still sees the Ottoman state as the “second” Turan, who also in his own way strove to unite the East and the West. Thus, there were two centers. 1) Turkestan (inheritance of the Turkic Khagans, Genghis Khan and Timur Emir); 2) Middle Eastern (Ottoman-Turkish). Merit of P.M. Bicilly is in the fact that he revealed the essence of the relations between the concepts “East and West” and “Europe and Asia”, and spread the Eurasian problem in all its diversity [1].

Kazakhstan, being at the junction between Europe and Asia, has absorbed both the eastern and the European trends due to its geopolitical position, representing the essence of the problems of “Eurasianism”.

Strengthening the international authority of Kazakhstan was facilitated by the recognition of 117 states of the world, 105 of them established diplomatic relations. More than 40 embassies and 16 representative offices of international organizations have been opened in Kazakhstan. In many countries of the world Kazakhstan opened its representative offices, became a member of many international organizations, a participant of the most important international conventions [2].

The process of establishing diplomatic relations covered the period from 1992 to 1999. One of the first states to formally formalize relations with Kazakhstan in March 1992 was the Turkish Republic. Subsequent official visits and meetings of President Turgut Ozal to Kazakhstan in 1993 and President Nazarbayev to the Republic of Turkey in 1994 expanded and strengthened the framework of economic, political, ethno-cultural relations. The signing by Ankara and Astana of a package of important intergovernmental agreements and treaties provided an opportunity for the consistent development of both diplomatic contacts and trade and economic relations, including within the framework of the summits of the Turkicspeaking countries. N. Nazarbayev in one of the conversations with Turgut Ozal said that Kazakhstan forever said goodbye to the stereotype of “oldest brother”. This statement was correctly received in Ankara. Turkey also showed that its preferences are related to the US and Euro-sing [3].

A new impetus for the relationship between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey was received after the statement of the leaders of the states about the development of the strategic partnership between Astana and Ankara. This initiative was discussed during the official visit of President Nursultan Nazarbayev to Turkey in May 2003 and was confirmed during bilateral meetings between N. Nazarbayev and newly elected Turkish President Ahmet Sezer at the NATO summit in Istanbul in June 2004.

In the field of regional cooperation, an important task is the activity in the Organization for Economic Cooperation (ECO), which in the future can become a guarantor that will share the potential of the countries of Central Asia and the Middle East. Strengthening of the sovereignty of Kazakhstan, expansion of its participation in international affairs is the responsibility of active cooperation with the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) [4].

Leader of the Nation N.A.Nazarbayev addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) with a proposal on the formation of a security system in the Asian space. He spoke about the convening of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA). This initiative was supported by Moscow, Beijing. Delhi, Ankary, Islamabad, Ulan Bator, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Iran, Egypt and Israel took an active part. Meeting on September 14, 1999 in Almaty, the leaders of 14 countries signed the “Declaration of Principles Regulating Relations between the CICA Member States for the Creation of Institutes of Security [5].

Relations with Turkey are of great importance for Kazakhstan. Kazakhstani diplomacy faces the task of using considerable potential of political, economic, cultural cooperation with Turkey both at the bilateral level, and within the framework of the OSCE, CICA, ECO. The development of transport communications and the ability of Kazakhstan to enter the world market is influenced by the implementation of projects for the transportation of oil and petroleum products through the territory of Turkey. A project called “Aktau-Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan” is being developed to transport oil of gas products. At the present time, in the use of fuel and energy resources by states, the principles of protecting one’s own interests prevail. Taking into account the community of interests, the government of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, on April 5, 1996, in Tashkent, they signed an agreement on the use of fuel, energy and water resources, construction and operation of gas pipelines in the Central Asian region. This agreement will resolve issues related to mutual supplies of electricity, gas, coal and oil products, convergence of price and tariff policy and fuel and energy complex [6]. Cooperation in the investment sphere is actively developing. According to the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the period from 1993 to March 2009, the inflow of direct investments into Kazakhstan amounted to more than $ 838 million [7].

A new impetus to close cooperation was given by the agreements on cooperation in the field of science and technology, education, economy, nature protection activity and development of tourism signed by the presidents. May 23-26, 2010 President of the Republic of Turkey Abdullah Gul made an official visit to Kazakhstan. The meetings of the two Presidents continued in the framework of the celebration of the City Day (July 6, 2010) in Astana, the III CICA Summit, which was held on June 7, 2010 and the X Summit of the Heads of Turkic-speaking countries, which was held on September 16, 2010 in Istanbul. President Abdullah Gul took part in the December 1-2, 2010 Astana Summit of the OSCE. August 2, 2011 an official visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan E. Kazykhanov to Turkey was held. During the visit, E. Kazykhanov was received by the President of the Republic of Turkey, Abdullah. Gul and the President of the Grand National Assembly Turkey J.Chichek, and also held talks with the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Turkey A. Davutoglu.

According to the Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, the volume of bilateral trade between Kazakhstan and Turkey in 2011 amounted to $ 3.303 billion (exports 2.574 billion dollars, imports 729 million dollars) [8].

Today in Turkey Nursultan Nazarbayev is called “Kazakh Ataturk”, emphasizing the role of the first President of Kazakhstan in the establishment of state independence. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan enjoys great prestige and deep respect from the Turkish people. At the highest level, his unconditional authority and leadership in the Turkic world are recognized. On the initiative of the Turkish side in the territory of Turkey monuments to the figures of the Kazakh people are established: Abayu, Abylai-khan, M. Zhumabayev, M. Auezov, and Kabanbai Batyr.

For the Turkish association, the opening of the monument to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk on Kazakhstani land became a big and important event. For the ethnic Turks of Kazakhstan, it became a great honor that the President opened the first monument to Ataturk, built in front of the Turkish capital, by the Ishim river, in Astana, the capital of the republic.

As of January 1, 2002.in the Republic of Kazakhstan there were 3995 joint and foreign enterprises established with the participation of partners from 98 countries, with an authorized capital of KZT 183,293.3 million. The largest number of enterprises with foreign investments is located on the territory of Almaty 2461. In Astana and in Atyrau oblast there are 270 enterprises, Karaganda 191, East Kazakhstan [9].

The Kazakh-Turkish cooperation in the cultural and humanitarian field has been successfully developed. The most advanced project in the field of education was the International Ka’zah-Turkish University named after H. Yassaui in Turkestan. On its development, the Government of Turkey allocated $ 60 million in total complexity. Today, the MKTU is a modern higher educational institution with a solid methodical and experimental base, where 15,000 students are trained. The students and post-graduate students of Kazakhstan continue their studies at the higher educational institutions of In turn, in Kazakhstan, 26 Kazakh-Turkish lyceums operate with the donations of Turkish businessmen, where 5,000 people study, and also the private university named after S. Demirel, opened in 1998. About 700 Turkish citizens are currently studying in Kazakhstan, dozens of teachers from Turkey work. Many Kazakhstani scientists and specialists teach various technical and humanitarian disciplines in Turkish universities.

Further intensification of the Kazakh-Turkish relations, their filling with new content meets the long-term strategic interests of our country. First and foremost, this concerns Turkey’s support for foreign policy initiatives of Kazakhstan, including measures to convene CICA, promote Kazakhstan’s interests within the OSCE, ECO and OIC. The meetings of the Kazakh leader with the newly elected President of Turkey Ahmet Sezer at the UN Summit and the visit of the Turkish leader to Kazakhstan on October 1920, 2000 demonstrated the desire of the political leadership of the two countries to build mutually beneficial contacts across the entire spectrum of cooperation, the development of a regular bilateral dialogue.

Kazakhstan diplomacy will continue to pay special attention to the issues of strengthening cooperation between our states, considering Turkey as an important partner. Kazakhstan and Turkey will continue to cooperate in international organizations, including the UN and the OSCE. Agreements and agreements reflect dynamism and intensification of strategic partnership between the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Between the foreign policy departments of the two countries consultations, meetings, visits on various problems of regional and international politics, as well as on issues of mutual support of initiatives are held on an ongoing basis. In the future, cooperation develops on the basis of expanding inter-parliamentary ties. So, in the legislative bodies of the two countries the work of the deputy friendship groups is intensified. From January 31 to February 3, 2006, an official visit to Turkey of the delegation of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan led by Chairman U. Mukhamed-Zhanov took place. On January 11, 2006, Abdullah Gul was among the guests at the inauguration ceremony of President N. Nazarbayev.

Summing up, it can be concluded that the Turkish-Kazakh relations from 1991 to the present, occupied an important place in the system of international relations. The Republic of Kazakhstan is the initiator of many integration processes, as well as international economic cooperation. This promotes the wide use of the rich resources of potential in the development of a multi-dimensional, multi-polar, large-scale cooperation not only with neighboring countries, but also with countries in Europe and Asia. Kazakhstan acts as a unique Eurasian bridge of progress in the 21st century. The range of political aspects of this relationship is very wide. It includes a range of problems from the traditions of peoples to the level of timely contacts that can have a beneficial impact on the regional participation of Kazakhstan, both in Europe and in Asia, as well as cooperation with the Republic of Turkey, which, as well as the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Eurasia [10].

Turkey is one of the most important regional partners of Kazakhstan, with which it is associated not only with economic relations, but also with deep cultural and historical ties. The dynamics of the development of Kazakh-Turkish relations, the coincidence of the interests of Astana and Ankara on many issues of regional and international issues, energy security and economic interaction reflect the strategic nature of cooperation between the two states.

The ties in the field of banking are also strengthening. The largest banks of Turkey Ziraat Ban-kasy and Emlak Bankas established joint banks in Almaty with Kazakhstan partners, which are now successfully operating in the financial market of the republic. In recent years, bilateral cooperation has successfully developed in the political, military, trade, economic, cultural and humanitarian fields [11].

The future of Turkish-Kazakh relations, as well as the future of relations between all the powers of the world, will depend on the desire to solve many issues, disagreements and contradictions through peaceful negotiations, excluding the possibility of damage to other countries.

Thus, the stable nature of the mutual relations of the two states is an example of successful bilateral cooperation, where special attention is paid to issues of mutually beneficial contacts. Kazakhstan and Turkey intend to continue cooperation and strategic partnership within the framework of international and regional organizations, as well as world communities, in the future [12]. 

Table 1 SWOT-analysis of the Company’s activities 

Strong features

Weak features

governmental support;

experience in the field of cattle breeding; professional team with years of experience;

regional and foreign representative offices;

well established procurement scheme, processing and marketing of livestock products;

availability of partners for the export of livestock products;

The certificate of management system quality in accordance with the requirements of international standard ISO 9001:2008.

deterioration of the material and technical base of agricultural complex; technical equipment and technological level not relevant to international standards;

dependence on climate conditions; poor food supply;

lack      of     intensive      industrial      livestock production;

underdevelopment in farming beef cattle breeding;

deterioration of the productive qualities of beef herds;

low proportion of breeding and pedigree cattle; low proportion of breeding beef cattle; competition of foreign manufacturers.

Possibilities

Threats

improving product competitiveness application of best practices taken from the developed countries;

possibility of taking leading positions in some export commodities (beef, lamb, meat and dairy products of horse and camel);

the presence of potential markets;

Customs Union.

price fluctuations on the world markets; insufficient provision of veterinary welfare; strong competition from major meat exporting countries: South America, Australia, New Zealand unfair partnership.

Risks

Climatic risks caused by the fact that agriculture is an industry largely dependent on climatic conditions, as well as the fact that the change in the weather conditions have a significant impact on crop yields, the volume of their production and supply of livestock feed resources that can significantly affect the degree of achievement of the projected figures. Dependence of the sector functioning on climatic conditions reduces its attractiveness to investors;

Macroeconomic risks due to the deterioration of internal and external situation in world prices for some goods exported by Kazakhstan and decrease of the possibility of achieving the objectives of development of agriculture, the slowdown of economic growth, the level of investment activity, the crisis of the banking system, which will not allow to intensify the development of agriculture and strengthen the dependence of the development on public investment [13];

International trade and political risks associated with more effective and successful functioning of the agricultural sector in other countries in relation to the situation in the international markets and the activities of exporters and importers of agricultural products in the domestic market, the changing conditions of international trade of agricultural products (this can affect the results of agricultural activities), a significant increase in competition as a result of Kazakhstan’s participation in WTO and increased restrictions on various measures of agrarian policy, including domestic support to agriculture, tariff quotas and the rate of customs duties;

Systemic issues: institutional (the need to move towards deregulation of breeding, creation of industry associations and organizations of livestock producers, the introduction of compulsory full identification of livestock, the management system of livestock reproduction process (Center of reproduction and herd management), providing veterinary welfare);

Regulatory risks are expressed in a deficiency in the legislative framework in terms of complexity of registration of property rights for land. At the same time the complexities of the legal registration of land ownership of agricultural organizations limits their ability to use land as collateral and do not allow agricultural producers to attract financial resources on real market conditions [14].

Social risks areassociated with the possibility of conservation or enhancing of social unattractiveness of the countryside and the widening gap between the levels of life in urban and rural areas that affect the supply of qualified specialists in the agricultural production sector, hamper industrialization in the agricultural business, which ultimately will reduce the efficiency of the agricultural business [15-16].

Content analysis

Introduction

A marked increase in the world population, observed in the last century is associated with the progress of humanity in medicine and preserved high birth rate from past centuries. In addition, there is another important factor that contributed to the increase in numbers. This factor is related to the age and sex structure of the population representing the distribution of population by age. In most countries at the beginning of the last century, structure of the population is shaped like a triangle ignoring the demographic wave. The number of births exceeded people in other age groups. However, the process of population growth cannot occur infinitely. Since the 60 s of last century, there were a lot of restrictions associated with changes in family patterns, active contraceptive use and other factors led to a sharp decline in fertility rates and consequently, to a reduction in child population. Age pyramid noticeably began to transform. Due to the lack of statistical data on earlier periods in the Kazakhstan, we cannot look into the depths of the past. Nevertheless, the change in the domestic demographic structure differs little from the global trends. 

Materials and methods

We have made an analysis of statistical data (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Health Data, 2012; Ministry of Health Statistic Database, 1989-2012) on health system and demographic status in Kazakhstan and some other countries of the world UK, USA, Turkey, Russia, for >13 years (1989-2012), a content-analysis of regulatory acts relating to the activities of public health. The following methods were used: Information and analytical, content-analysis, mathematical treatment, and comparative analysis.

Results

Twodecadesago, itseemedthatthedemographicageingofthepopulation that is, the increase in the proportion of elderly in the total population is peculiar to developed countries, it has now become clear that this process has captured almost the entire world. In Kazakhstan, the total population in 2012 remained at the level of performance in 1989. But considering that over the period 1989-1996, the emigrated from Kazakhstan >1.5 million people, the population growth during the period 2000-2012 more than impressive trend, established largely due to the policies pursued by the return of repatriates to their homeland. Thus, the analysis of Table 1 shows that the number of elderly in 1989 is 1,507,035 people, which is 9.1% of the total population in 16,464,464 people. Although the total population decreased in 1999 at 9.2% compared with 1989, noteworthy fact is that the retirement age population increased by 86,321 people. The percentage of elderly of 1,593,356 people in the total population of 14,955,106 people is 10.6%. In 2005, an increase in the population of 119,661 people, compared with 1999. Population older than 60 years decreased by 29,103 people, which leads to a change in the ratio of the elderly population in the country with 10.6% in 1999-10.3% in 2005. In 2012, the population growth occurred in 1,600,625 people, compared to 2005, the increase in the number of older persons is 112,197. So based on the analysis of the table, it can be stated that for the period 1989-2012 the ratio of elderly to the total population increased from 9.1% in 1989 to 10.05% in 2012.

Table 2 Percentage of the elderly population over 60 years in the population of the republic of Kazakhstan

Percentage of the elderly population over 60 years in the population of the republic of Kazakhstan   

Discussion

United Nations (UN) demographers adhere to the following classification in the degree of ageing: Population is called as young if the number of persons aged 65 years and more <4%, mature-a society where number of such people from 4% to 7%, if the proportion of elderly >7%, the population is considered as old. In the Kazakhstan, in accordance with the law on pensions, men aged 15-62 and women 15-57 years are considered as people of working age. People over the limit of working age are classified as elderly. However, for the correct comparison, according to international classification people aged 65 years and older will be considered as elderly in the current research.

One of the consequences of population ageing-growth in pension costs. Now in most developed countries, the retirement age is 65 years. Predictive calculations of UN reveal that dependency ratio will only increase with time for Kazakhstan. Figure 1 shows that this trend is observed in other countries. For instance in the USA dependency ratio in 1950 is 14.3%, in 1980 is 19.8%, in 2000 is 21%, and in 2010 is 21.8%, predictive value of the dependency ratio calculated on the basis of the UN medium variant projection in 2020 is 28.3%, in 2040 is 38.7%. In the Russian federation, coefficient value in 1950 is 11.2%, in 1980 is 17.1%, in 2000 is 20.3%, in 2010 is 19.3%, in 2020 and in 2040 dependency ratios are equal to 24.3% and 34, 1% respectively. In the UK, the demographic burden indicators are high in comparison with the above-mentioned countries. For comparison, the values of dependency ratio in 1950 are 17.9%, in 1980 is 26.58%, and in 2000 is 26.8%, in 2010 is 27.8%. A similar trend is expected in the forecast data for 2020 is 32.2% and for 2040 is 48.3%. In Turkey, the dependency ratio value in 1950 is 6.5%, in 1980 is 9.2%, in 2000 is 9.6%, and in 2010 is 10.2%. As we see throughout the years, the quantities are increasing, but not as much as in other countries. Calculated dependency ratio in 2020 is 13.1% and in 2040 is 24.8% can also be considered relatively low. Dependency ratio indicators in Kazakhstan increase in line with global trends and constitute the following values, in 1950 is 12.9%, in 1980 is 12%, in 2000 is 12.2%, in 2010 is 11.3%, in 2020 is 13.7%, and in 2040 is 20.8%.

 Dynamics of changes in dependency ratio due to the proportion of the elderly population. Values for 2020, 2040 are calculated based on UN medium variant projections (World Population Prospects)

Figure 1 Dynamics of changes in dependency ratio due to the proportion of the elderly population. Values for 2020, 2040 are calculated based on UN medium variant projections (World Population Prospects)

Thus, we can assume that the trend of population ageing is relevant to all countries even in those countries in which the dependency ratio does not exceed 10%, as in Turkey. And based on the values of 2010, the problem is most pronounced in UK, USA, and Russia among the analyzed countries. For comparison, dependency ratio of the Russia is >1.7 times, the dependency ratio of USA is >1.9 times and the dependency ratio of UK is >2.5 times the similar indicators of Kazakhstan in 2010. The values of the structural characteristics of population ageing in Kazakhstan approach to developed countries, which allow the western experience borrowing excluding Kazakhstan’s realities. However, the situation changes radically when we turn to indicators related to life expectancy after retirement age. Thus, increasing the retirement age is inappropriate for the current period. As shown in the Figure 2, observed situation in Kazakhstan is completely different. Life expectancy of the elderly population over 65 years in 2010 was only 13.8 years, which is 6-9 years less European and USA indices.

Figure 2 Life expectancy of the population aged 65+. Values for 2020, 2040 are calculated based on UN medium variant projections (World Population Prospects)

Life expectancy of the population aged 65+. Values for 2020, 2040 are calculated based on UN medium variant projections (World Population Prospects)

There is no doubt that the development process of social and economic priorities should take into account the numerous consequences of population ageing. Calculations of population ageing for specific groups in Kazakhstan can detect important features of the demographic development of the country. However, in this case, it is not sufficient to focus on common values because the ageing process is very heterogeneous in various aspects. In particular, it is necessary to take into account the gender imbalance. Kazakhstan is much stronger imbalanced in gender than Western Europe. Such a difference in the number of men and women leads to significant differences in the values of indicators of ageing for male and female population. Note that in calculating of ageing indicators, such as ageing index or dependency ratio denominator comprises the population of both sexes. Difference between the values of ageing indicators for male and female population in Kazakhstan is shown in Figure 3.

Life expectancy in birth by gender. Values for 2020, 2040 are calculated based on UN medium variant projections (World Population Prospects)

Figure 3 Life expectancy in birth by gender. Values for 2020, 2040 are calculated based on UN medium variant projections (World Population Prospects)

Demographic factors have always played an important role in the economy. Population ageing affects the size and structure of the workforce and influences on economics, in particular, it has an impact on the level and structure of consumption. Trends and changes in the age structure affected not only the increase in the proportion of pensioners, but also economically active population has become older. Population ageing poses particular problems for health care, if only because the need for medical care as they age naturally increases. However, ageing of persons of retirement is a natural reorganization of the society. And tools such as rising the retirement age is not so necessary for a given period. The issue is relevant for Kazakhstan but not as vexed as in the countries described in the analysis. Kazakhstan presents demographic features of inhomogeneous ageing.

Conclusion

Based on the study, it can be concluded that the Turkish-Kazakh relations in a given time period, since Kazakhstan’s independence to the present time, occupied an important place in the system of international relations. Development of relations between the two nations went through a new phase. The bilateral relations started, firstly due to deep cultural, historical ties, brotherhood kinship which caused Turkey to be the first country to recognize the independence of Kazakhstan. Secondly, the development of the Turkish-Kazakh relations is based on the identity or similarity of positions on a wide range of issues; moreover, both countries own interests in the international relations system also played a significant role in strengthening the bilateral relations.

The development of mutual relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan can be summed up as follows:

– Diplomatic relations can be stated as dynamically developing. The strategic nature of the relationship also adds impetus to the bilateral relations, which is strengthened with high level visits at least once a year.

– Turkey’s and Kazakhstan’s mutual relations in the cultural and educational spheres have been developing very actively. The establishment of educational, scientific, cultural institutions, foundations and celebrating cultural events are good examples to it.

– Military cooperation is a key field in bilateral relations. Turkey provided military-technical and financial assistance on gratis conditions. Every year Kazakhstani military officers are being trained in Turkey. These relations help to achieve not only mutual interests but also their own interests, too. To conclude, the economic relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan show that despite of well-developed nature of relations, in comparison to other Central Asian countries, still there is the need of more activation of the economic and trade relations. We believe that the future of Turkish-Kazakh economic relations has a big potential.

 

REFERENCES

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Разделы знаний

International relations

International relations

Law

Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection between textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics.[

Technical science

Technical science