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European union and central Asia: horizons of cooperation - new challenges and new dimensions (development of an action plan)

The article is dedicated to defining of European Union (EU) strategy towards Central Asia and their bilateral long-term cooperation. Particular importance is clarifying the areas in which EU is giving aid to Central Asia and identifying “The EU Strategy for a New Partnership” role in cooperation with Central Asia.

The EU is the oldest and most successful organization in unifying European countries. The EU is only union where most of the members have common currency (euro) and they are going to join by all new members when they have met the important criteria and has a common bank responsible for the euro and swelling control. Likewise, it has various defense, security and foreign policies and may even have a Constitution not long from now.

It exists two types of instruments by which the EU cooperate with Central Asia, first one is regulating by unilaterally instruments such as demarches, sanctions, declarations. Second one by bilateral instruments that are implemented to fostering relations between Central Asia and EU as EIDHR (European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights) and TACIS (Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States) regulated by PCAs (Partnership and Cooperation Agreements).

The common goal of achieving stability and prosperity by means of peaceful inter-action makes Europe and Central Asia partners for increased cooperation. The strong EU commitment towards its Eastern neighbours within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy will also bring Europe and Central Asia closer to each other, both in terms of political cooperation and economic development. The development and consolidation of stable, just and open societies, adhering to international norms, is essential to bring the partnership between the European Union and Central Asian States to full fruition. Good governance, the rule of law, human rights, democratisation, education and training are key areas where the EU is willing to share experience and expertise. The EU can offer experience in regional integration leading to political stability and prosperity. Lessons learnt from the political and economic transformation of Central and Eastern Europe can also be offered. With their rich traditions and centuries-old exchanges, the EU and Central Asia can contribute actively to the dialogue between civilizations [1].

Many challenges facing the globalised world affect Europe and Central Asia alike, and warrant a common response. Security questions and regional economic development require close cooperation of the EU with each Central Asian state, taking into account their geographical location, in particular with respect to Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. This applies i.a. to developments in the areas of border management, migration, the fight against organized crime and international terrorism, as well as human, drugs, and arms trafficking. The dependency of the EU on external energy sources and the need for a diversified energy supply policy in order to increase energy security open further perspectives for cooperation between the EU and Central Asia. EU efforts to strengthen local energy markets will help to improve investment conditions, increase energy production and efficiency in Central Asia and diversify energy supply and distribution in the region.

The Strategy for a New Partnership between the EU and Central Asia now forms the general framework for the EU’s relationship with Central Asia in all areas of cooperation. The strategy defines seven priority areas for cooperation: 1) human rights, rule of law, good governance and democratization; 2) youth and education; 3) economic development, trade and investment; 4) energy and transport; 5) environmental policies; 6) combating common threats; 7) intercultural dialogue. The PCAs between the EU and its partners planned to encourage the improvement of organized trade, and they can be viewed as a guide for the presentation of trade and economic-related approaches in the fields of current payments, goods, capital movement and services.

The EU Strategy aims at a balanced bilateral and regional approach. The EU will balance policy approaches in Central Asia according to the differing needs of every country and to the performance of each country. The EU will foster regional cooperation among Central Asian States and between Central Asian States and other regions. Bilateral cooperation will be of special importance. It will be strengthened to respond adequately to individual proposals brought forward by each of the five Central Asian States. It is essential to cooperate bilaterally on issues such as human rights, economic diversification, energy and other sectoral issues, including youth and education. The intensity of the cooperation will reflect the commitment to transition and reform of each country. A regional approach is suitable for tackling common regional challenges such as organised crime, human, drugs and arms trafficking, terrorism and non-proliferation issues, inter- cultural dialogue, energy, environmental pollution, water management, migration as well as border management and transport infrastructure.

In such manner the EU will participate with universal budgetary establishments, multilateral and provincial associations and organizations. The EU is set up to go into an open and useful discourse with territorial associations in Central Asia and to build up customary specially appointed contacts i.a. with EURASEC, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), CICA, CSTO, CAREC and CARICC.

The EU countries are net energy importers of fossil fuels because their indigenous fossil energy production is, by far, smaller than demand. The EU is importing about 80per cent of crude oil, about 60 per cent of natural gas and about 40 per cent of coal consumed. Russia is the most important energy supplier of the EU. The remaining imports stem from a multitude of supplier countries. Though energy imports of the EU are already fairly diversified and will be further diversifying as a consequence if increasing liquefies natural gas imports from Africa and the Middle East, many observers demand political steps in order to further broaden energy import diversification. “They believe that the availability of the energy resources of Central Asia would, in particular, considerably contribute to European energy security”.

The Central Asia has a large amount of energy resources, for the most part still undiscovered, and basically found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. Fossil fuels cooperation is of key significance for EU and Central Asia too, so that’s why a key component of the EU Strategy for a new Partnership is.

As one of the world’s richest regions in hydrocarbons and natural gas, energy represents a key motivation for the EU’s strategic engagement in Central Asia. In particular, the five republics could become strategic partners to fulfill the EU’s energy needs. Diversifying the energy suppliers has become a high priority for all the Member States, in order to decrease the dependence on Russia after the 2006 and 2009 gas crises in Ukraine.

The EU’s principal objectives in relation to Central Asia are:

  • The convergence of energy markets through the harmonization of the relevant legislative and regulatory frameworks;
  • Enhancing the energy security of the Central Asian countries and the EU through closer cooperation;
  • Supporting sustainable energy development, including the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources;
  • Attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.

The EU will support the exploration of new oil, gas and hydro-power resources and the upgrading of the existing energy infrastructure. To enhance EU security of energy supply, the EU will also support the development of additional pipeline routes and energy transportation networks. It will also contribute to regional energy security and cooperation, and widen export markets for Central Asian producers. The EU will lend political support and assistance to Central Asian countries in developing a new Caspian Sea - Black Sea – EU energy transport corridor. The EU will promote the creation of an integrated Central Asian energy market and will support public-private partnerships which encourage EU investment. Based on the objectives laid down in the Baku Initiative the EU will focus cooperation with Central Asian States in particular on the following matters:

  • Converging of energy markets on the basis of the EU internal energy market principles taking into account the particularities of the partner countries;
  • Enhancing energy security by addressing the issues of energy exports/ imports, supply diversification, energy transit and energy demand;
  • Transparency and capacity-building in statistics and in the governance of the energy sector;
  • Supporting and enhancing technological cooperation between the EU and the Central Asian States in the energy sector;
  • Supporting sustainable energy development, including the development of energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and demand side management;
  • Attracting investment towards energy projects of common and regional interest.

The EU considers security and good governance to be key objectives in Central Asia. One of the key implications of the European Security Strategy is the need to “promote a ring of well governed countries to the East of the European Union”. In addition to this, the EU is committed by international conventions to supporting efforts in the fight against organized crime and terrorism, including the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery. The Central Asian states are arranged between the world’s biggest illicit opium makers and the lucrative markets of Western Europe. They are situated in closeness to, the nations of the Golden Crescent (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan) and, by means of China, have entry to the nations of the Golden Triangle (Thailand, Burma, Laos), which are the world’s biggest makers of unlawful sedatives.

The EU strategy towards Central Asia has been an important area of interest in different academic and scientific circles since the beginning of the 21st century. However, Central Asian region is still less examined part of EU neighborhood policy. In this regard, the main contribution of this work is an identification of true intentions of EU’s engagement with Central Asian States [2].

There are a lot of reasons why EU is engaging in Central Asia. Starting with the fact that Central Asia is rich in natural resources, especially gas, it urges the EU to take a step to decrease Central Asian dependence on Russian gas supplies. In order to diversify EU’s access to raw materials in general is another reason for EU’s involvement into Central Asia. Moreover, Central Asia is of geostrategic importance as a bridge from Europe to China and the Middle East and even may be considered as a buffer zone against Afghanistan and Iran.

However, it must be questioned here about what are the EU Strategy for a New Partnership’s role in cooperation with Central Asia and areas of collaboration? Adopted in 2007, the EU.

The EU calls for integrated management of water resources and transboundary cooperation on water issues and makes diplomatic efforts with other international partners to promote regional cooperation on water challenges in Central Asia. In the context of the dialogue, the EU called for better environmental management and measures for mitigation climate changes and adaptation to it.

The strategy for CentralAsia should further focus on different approaches to relations with individual countries. It is necessary to conduct constant and consistent consultations with partners from five countries of Central Asia. Such a dialogue allows for regular assess the changes that occur in all priority areas, implement exchange of views on different options for future actions.

EU Strategy for Central Asia serves as an overall framework for the EU policies in the region of Central Asia. The EU sees a mutual interest in sustained dialogue and cooperation with the five Central Asian States respecting their differences and fostering closer cooperation among them on regional issues. The EU is willing to contribute substantially to security, stability and prosperity in Central Asia. To this end the EU is committed to opening Commission delegations in all five Central Asian countries. Member States will consider expanding the network of embassies in Central Asia. The EU will ensure coherence between this Central Asia Strategy and other EU regional initiatives, including the Black Sea Synergy Initiative. It will support intraregional trade and cooperation. It will also support active integration/participation of Central Asia in the WTO in order to ensure better integration of these countries in the world trade and economic system. With this Strategy, the EU invites Central Asia to establish an enhanced political dialogue, including regular meetings at Foreign Ministers’ level with the EU troika. The EU will hold annual meetings of its Heads of Mission in the region. Based on the principles of this Strategy, the EU will work with each of the Central Asian countries to develop individual approaches to implementation, according to the specific needs and performance of each country, building on existing and future agreements, including PCAs.

 

REFERENCES

  1. European Union: Official sites [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www. eu.com - (Accessed 28.09.2017). 
  2. Раев Д.С., Касенов Ф.Ж. Диалог Казахстан - Европейский Союз: полифония сотрудничества//Известия КазУМОиМЯ имени Абылай хана. ССерия
  3. «Международное Отношения и Регионоведения». - №3(21). – 2015. – С.3-9.

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