Introduction
The veterinary science as a field of knowledge, sciences and practicians, along with medicine, culture, education and other fields of activity is a necessary component of safe development and existence of mankind, irrespective of any form of public system.
Worldwide ensuring health of animals, control of veterinary and sanitary quality of production of an animal origin, protection of people against diseases common for the human-beings and animals, first of, all falls within the scope of its activity.
Omissions or underestimation of the importance of veterinary science by the state lead to serious consequences, up to threat of national security.
It should be noted that possible social and economic consequences of accession of Kazakhstan to the WTO aren’t equally favorable to subjects of managing in various branches of economy. For considerable part of the domestic enterprises which are letting out noncompetitive production, the entry of the country into the WTO means inevitability of a choice: either modernization of production or its folding. If the enterprise wants to work, it will be compelled to learn to let out competitive production.
For transformations time, means, desire and ability, and also – for a certain transition period – the state measures of protection of domestic market and those producers who aren’t trained for sharp changes in this market are necessary. Futhermore, they will be not less sharp for many participants of the market , than at the time of «shock therapy».
In this regard now Kazakhstan in negotiation process puts the following conditions:
- increase in term of implementation of obligations;
- receiving higher or lower thresholds according to certain obligations depending on concrete agreements;
- providing right for realization of flexible approach to
- implementation of obligations and procedures;
- entering into the protocol of the provision «about aspiration to do everything possible» that gives some freedom for mitigation of the mode of implementation of the accepted obligations.
Materials and methods
Methodological basis of the research. Following methods were used: general scientific, particular and special methods, including historical, systemic, structural, classification, comparative, analysis and formal and legal method and others. Normative basis of the work is: Environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, legislation in the field of genetic engineering activity; international legal acts, directly or indirectly regulating the relationships in this field, as well as normative acts of the European Union in the sphere of production and turnover of genetically modified products.
Results and discussion
The agro-industrial complex of the country covers set of the branches of economy including production, preparation, storage, transportation, processing and sales of products of agriculture and also the food industry, the accompanying productions and fields of activity providing with their modern equipment, processing equipment, money, information and other resources veterinary sanitarian and phytosanitary safety, scientific providing and training.
Development of agro-industrial complex has to go in in step with regularities of the market focused economy therefore indicators of production efficiency, competitiveness of domestic food, compliance of their quality to the international requirements have to become the priority.
Specifics of functioning of agro-industrial complex, ensuring food security demand carrying out such agrofood policy in which state regulation and the state support have to play large role than in other branches of economy.
The solution to problems of food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan requires the improvement of a legal mechanism of government regulation of agrarian relations. These issues are important from the position of protection of domestic agrarian manufacture and foodstuff quality. Thereupon the acceptance of the National program of RK of food security provision counted till 2020 is expedient. The current legislation of the Republic Kazakhstan in the agrarian sphere develops the way of general regulation of functions and powers of government structures, which in practice generates irresponsibility of government officials in the solution of problems regarding degraded agricultural lands. Therefore, it is necessary to write legislatively about the rights and duties of the state bodies in particular to oblige responsible government structures to report annually about a course of performance of the Government national programs in the agrarian sphere in front of the public [1].
Development of the system of veterinary safety is constrained by a number of factors. Most of the livestock is in personal farmsteads, which makes it difficult to control. To date, information systems do not provide traceability «from farm to table» and it is not able to conduct epizootic surveillance, monitoring and forecasting of outbreaks. Livestock identification is a difficult procedure due to a number of problems, such as decentralized procurement, duplication, loss of tags, inability of the owners to return the cost of tags and electronic identification system is not available for online unsecured network of rural settlements. There is no strict control of veterinary drugs, diagnostic kits. The existing infrastructure does not provide the proper level of veterinary safety; veterinary organizations (utilities state enterprises, regional and district veterinary laboratories) are not properly equipped with all necessary equipment. Today, the accession of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Eurasian Economic Union our state confronts new challenges and goals. In the first place, it requires improving the veterinary legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. New legal levers must not only strengthen veterinary control, but also to improve the veterinary infrastructure in all rural settlements [2].
Depending on extent of the distorting impact on trade, the Agreement on agriculture allocates three categories of measures which and researchers for simplicity and presentation were designated by analysts as a measure of «a green basket», «a blue basket» and «a yellow basket».
Measures of «a blue basket» differ from measures of «a green basket» in that they are directed not on improvement of quality and restoration of production, and, on the contrary, on its restriction of overproduction of agricultural production. Use of such measures is characteristic for the developed countries, including Kazakhstan.
In the law «About the State Retulirovaniye of Agro-industrial Complex and Development of Rural Territories» application of measures of «green» and «yellow» baskets is traced. These are such measures of the state support of agrarian and industrial complex as crediting and subsidizing of agro-industrial complex and rural territories, carrying out purchasing operations and price interventions and creation of the specialized organizations, applications of measures of tax, budgetary, customs and tariff, technical regulation and other measures according to acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan [3].
One of important measures of the state regulation of agrarian and industrial complex is the support of the agrofood market that is carried out for ensuring food security and support of domestic agricultural producers. This market represents set of the relations, connected with acquisition, realization and other elements of a turn of agricultural production and products of its processing. It is regulated by means of carrying out purchasing operations and price interventions and protection of domestic market by methods of customs-tariff, non-tariff regulation [4].
The problem of safety of foodstuff has complex character, covering all chain: from conditions in which production to the end user is carried out. Effective management of risks assumes existence of the monitoring system corresponding to the international level providing anticipatory identification of risks and reciprocal actions since processes of production of agricultural raw materials, including all its components, finishing with process of processing, transportation, storage and realization of finished goods. Only on this basis transition to production of the competitive production conforming to the international standards is possible.
The catalyst of productivity and quality growth of production of agro-industrial complex on the basis of use of reserves of vertical and horizontal integration is development of cluster initiatives.
Thus, by means of realization of these measures it is necessary to provide stability of agro-industrial complex on the basis of growth of productivity and profitability of branches and development of national competitive advantages of a domestic production. In the solution of issues of safe trade in production of an animal origin the recognized organization the international epizootic bureau plays large This international intergovernmental organization which main objective is to fight against inflectional diseases of animals in the world.
MEB also keeps in touch with veterinary services of the countries which are not members of MEB, and the international organizations which are related to protection of animals.
Governing body is the MEB standing Committee which consists of representatives of member countries (on one from each country). At annual General sessions MEB Committee considers the most important epizootological problems. If an epizooty and threat of their distribution emerges to the other countries of MEB convene extraordinary conferences of interested countries by the regional and specialized commissions.
After accession to this document regulations of MEB in the field of ensuring veterinary safety, health of animals and fauna will be applied. Accession to the Agreement will give the chance to receive information on emergence and spread of infectious diseases in the countries of the world with a regularity 1 quarterly, recommendations about diagnostics, prevention and measures of fight against infectious diseases. Adoption of the bill will allow to regulate at the legislative level norms and requirements of the International epizootic bureau, to harmonize the legislation of our country in the field of veterinary science for the purpose of development of uniform approach to veterinary requirements, to carry out protection of the territory of the republic from drift and spread of infectious and parasitic diseases of animals when exporting, importing and transit of products and raw materials of an animal origin according to the international requirements, and also will have positive impact on the international cooperation in veterinary science, trade in animals, products and raw materials of an animal origin.
Other objects of the Commission «the Code alimentary» are also defined: statements have to be forbidden and declared medical qualities of vitamins and other natural means of overcoming of diseases by a punishable offense. In the future differentiation of foodstuff and medical means has to be carried out not by the governments of the countries, but the most pharmaceutical industry.
The importance of veterinary control is shown in many foreign researches [5]. There are many vvaarrii-ous organizations of state veterinary control in foreign countries. In the USA, the functions of veterinary safety are implementing by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), a part of United States Department of Agriculture [6]. Veterinary safety in the USA is an aim of various non-government organizations too, for example the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV).
The regulatory requirements for batch release safety testing are outlined in legislation, regulations, and technical standards that are implemented by government regulatory agencies, such as the United States Department of Agriculture Center for Veterinary Biologics (USDA CVB) which regulates veterinary vaccines in the United States. (Roberts B, Lucken RN., 2011). and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) which serves as the centralized product registration agency for member states of the European Union [7]. The regulatory agencies (competent authorities) of other countries tend to have regulatory frameworks based on either the European or American standards. Several standard-setting bodies also play an important role in establishing common technical standards for veterinary vaccines. Examples include the World Organisation for Animal Health-Office Internationale des Epizooties (OIE) [8], the Pharmaceutical IInn-spection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S), the Veterinary International Cooperation for Harmonization (VICH) [9]. Homepage Accessed 9 March 2011 and the International Association for Biologicals (IABS). FAO, WHO and OIE define Veterinary Public Health (VPH) as «The contributions to the physical, mental and social well being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science». Veterinary public health contributes to public health through the knowledge, skills and resources of veterinary science. This generally relates to the understanding, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases and food safety issues. The scope of VPH is clearly multidisciplinary, involving not only veterinarians in public and private sectors, but also other health and agriculture professionals, communication experts and scientists as well as paraprofessionals. A interdisciplinary team approach to problem solving, research, control programmes and communication is essential for the improvement of human health in a significant and sustainable manner
Residues of veterinary medicines are a food safety issue regulated by European legislation. The occurrence of animal diseases necessitating application of veterinary medicines is significantly affected by global and local climate changes. This review assesses potential impacts of climate change on residues in food produced on the island of Ireland. Use of various classes of veterinary drugs in light of predicted local climate change is reviewed with particular emphasis on anthelmintic drugs and consideration is given to residues accumulating in the environment. Veterinary medicine use is predicted to increase as disease burdens increase due to varied climate effects. Locally relevant mitigation and adaptation strategies are suggested to ensure climate change does not adversely affect food safety via increasing drug residues [10].
As we can see the serious problems connected with high level of the administrative barriers, exist in the veterinary science field today that was shown due to the analysis of the current situation. Primarily, it is associated with the imperfection of the mechanisms for the implementation of phytosanitary and veterinary control. To solve this problem, it is provided the cancellation of the quarantine certificate and perfection of the phytosanitary quarantine introduction mechanisms. In addition, it is proposed to cancel the obligation to obtain import quarantine permits [11].
Conclusions
Summing up the result of studying of this sphere of the relations, we came to a conclusion that it is necessary to provide the separate section devoted to the issues of the international cooperation in the law «About Veterinary Science» and to state it in the following edition:
The international cooperation in veterinary science is carried out:
- by participation in work of the international organizations, the prevention of drift of dangerous infectious diseases of animals from the territory of other countries, standardization of standards of import (input) and export (conclusion) of animals, livestock products and raw materials;
- by coordination of the legislation of the sphere of veterinary science on preventive and antiepizootic actions, unification of methods of diagnosis of diseases of animals, application of immunobiological, biological, vegetable, chemical, chemical and pharmaceutical and other veterinary preparations;
- by means of scientific and professional communications and contacts.
References
- K. Yerkinbayeva, A.E. Bekturganov. (2013). Legal Problems of the Modern Agricultural Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, , 514-519.
- Kalymbek Bakytzhan, Alimzhanova Malika, Kaskeeva . (2014). Ensuring Veterinary Safety of the Republic of Kazakhstan in The Process of Integration into the Eurasian Economic Union. Proceedings of 3rd European Business Research Conference.
- On state regulation of development of agriculture and rural areas Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, №66 (8 07 2005 г.).
- Orazbakov, (2002). Process of the entry of Kazakhstan into the WTO and an assessment of consequences on national economy. Al-Pari., 42.
- Caveney, L., B. Jones, E. Kimberly,. (2011). Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control. Wiley-Blackwell, .
- A 40-Year Retrospective of APHIS, 1972–2012, Official brochure, (2013).
- The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Scientific guidelines for medicinal products for veterinary use., Volume 7: (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Commission. 2011).
- Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2010 (OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health 09 03 2011 г.).
- Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). [Accessed 9 March 2011]. Available at: http://www.picscheme.org/. (09 03 2011 г.).
- Kevin Cooper, Connor McMahon, Ian Fairweather, Christopher T. (б.д.). Elliott Potential impacts of climate change on veterinary medicinal residues in livestock produce. An island of Ireland perspective Trends in Food Science & Technologу .
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