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Legal status and the bases of obligatory participation of lawyer­defender in cases of legislation in the Republic of Kazakhstan

In article advocateship is a voluntary professional organization of the citizens who are carrying out protection on pretrial investigation, inquiry, in criminal court judge in an order established by law, besides, carrying out representation of interests of claimants and respondents in civil cases were given. Advocateship is a public self-coping organization urged to provide a legal assistance to the population and organizations by consultation on legal questions, any drawing up documents and official papers on the basis of law.

the jurisprudence has a certain recommendation concerning advocateship as a whole and a lawyer in particular have to strictly and rigorously guard the law and protect it from any encroachments as from the power and certain citizens for the sake of any purposes done by it [2].

according  to  rK  Criminal  Procedure  Code  a lawyer cannot refuse protection. it has no rights to use the information to the detriment of a client, and also is directly obliged to use as much as possible owing to an unilaterality of function carried out by it the means, provided by law and ways for clarification of  everything  that  justifies  accused  or  softens  its responsibility. therefore it is necessary to raise an advocateship role, considering its functioning as an important condition of administration of law in exact compliance with law. in other words, problems of activity of advocateship are considerably similar with functions of the government law enforcement agencies.

therefore,   the   important   place   is   taken   by advocateship  with  its  Collegium  of  advocates  – independent  organization  of  professional  lawyers among law enforcement agencies and organizations, urged to carry out a task of protection of legitimate rights and interests of physical and legal entities.

it is necessary to carry legal documents accepted by the supreme body of Collegium of advocates and also the Charter of Collegium of advocates and the rule of professional ethics of lawyers to the sources of norms regulating lawyer activity [3]. the main objective  of  advocateship  according  to  art.  1  of chapter 1 of the law on advocateship is providing a legal assistance to citizens and organizations.

the lawyer is obliged to use all means provided by  law  and  ways  of  protection  of  the  rights  and legitimate  interests  of  citizens  and  organizations which have asked it for help. but he has no the right to  accept  an  assignment  about  providing  a  legal assistance  in  cases  of  public  official  participation, who  is  the  relative  of  the  lawyer  in  investigation or if the lawyer participated earlier in this case as a  judge,  investigator,  a  person  making  inquiry, prosecutor, eyewitness, expert, specialist, translator, witness.  the  lawyer  has  no  right  to  disclose  the data,  reported  to  him  by  principal  in  connection with providing a legal assistance. the state secrets are  protected  data,  which  are  the  state  and  office secrets. its distribution is limited to the state for the purpose of implementation of the effective military, economic,  foreign  policy,  prospecting  and  other activity  which  is  not  conflicting  to  the  standard norms of international law [6].

Professional protection is activities of the lawyer defender for  implementation  by  lawful  means and ways, in the order of function of protection established by the law accused, suspected, aiming at ensuring protection of their rights and interests, and also providing a legal assistance to them. Denial or charge mitigation,  and  also  rehabilitation  of the person which has illegally undergone criminal prosecution is an essence and issues of protection depending on features of criminal case [7].

the   advocateship   takes   an   important   place in   system   of   law   enforcement   agencies   and organizations.   it   means   that   issues   of   activity of   advocateship   are   considerably   similar   with functions   of   the   government   law   enforcement agencies.  however,  it  is  not  a  law  enforcement agency since the lawyer has no powers on coercion behind observance  of  someone’s  rights,  it  acts on essentially other basis:  he  is  a  defender,  i.e. he protects. Protection is necessary to prevent investigative and justice miscarriages of special types : criminal prosecutions, legends to court and condemnations innocent or condemnations guilty under the law providing responsibility for more serious crime, than actually to them perfect or purposes of excessively severe penalty, and also in other cases.

the  law  provides  the  following  basis  of  the defender obligatory participation on criminal case. [8]. First  of  all,  such  basis  is  the  petition  for  its suspect (accused) to have the defender. the institute of obligatory participation of the defender provides his participation, firstly, on will and a consent of the suspect accused.

secondly,   participation   of   the   defender   ıs obligatory if the suspected or accused did not reach the  legal  age.  the  minor  is  a  person  who  did  not reach eighteen years at the time of commission of a crime by it, and also a person accused of several crimes,  one  of  which  is  made  by  him  aged  till eighteen years.

thirdly,  suspected  or  accused  owing  to  the physical  or  mental  defects  cannot  independently carry  out  the  right  of  defense.  in  this  case  it  is necessary  to  understand  that  this  person,  though conventionally responsibility suffers continuous or temporary disorder of the sincere activity, essential defect of the speech, sight, hearing or other heavy illnesses.

Fourthly, suspected or accused does not know language in which legal proceedings are conducted.

Fifthly,a person is accused of crime execution for which measure of punishment is imprisonment for the term of over ten years, lifelong imprisonment or capital punishment can be appointed.

sixthly,  accused  is  arrested   as   a  measure of restraint applied or it is forcibly directed on stationary forensic-psychiatric examination.

seventhly, there are contradictions (recognition of charge by one and contest by another; exposure by one defendant of another; the objections caused by nature of charge, brought to each of them, etc.) between interests of suspects or accused, one of which has the defender. it is explained by defendant whose interests contradict interests of other defendants passing with it on one deal and having defenders, put in unequal procedural situation.

eighthly, the representative of the victim (the private accuser) participates in criminal proceeding or the civil claimant. to observe of the principle of ensuring equality of the parties and competitiveness of   participants   of   legal   proceedings,   and   also comprehensive, full and objective investigation of facts  of  the  case  participation  of  the  defender  is obligatory.

Ninthly,  when  the  state  accuser  participates in  court  in  considered  case.  Participation  of  the prosecutor in judicial proceedings puts the defendant who does not have the defender, in unequal situation not only before court, but also before a professional lawyer.  thats  why,  the  law  defined  obligatory participation of the defender (lawyer) in these cases. the   v-tenth,   accused   is   outside   rK   and evades  from  an  appearance  in  bodies  of  pretrial investigation.

therefore,    obligatory    participation    of    the defender  in  cases  pursues  the  aim  to  strengthen protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the  persons  who  need  the  above  circumstances  in additional guarantees. in the cases provided by the bases 2-4, 6 (at the compulsory direction accused for stationary forensic-psychiatric examination), refusal accused from the defender cannot be accepted by the body  conducting  criminal  procedure.  violation  of these requirements attracts obligatory carrying out additional investigation or sentence cancellation.

Finally, about the last basis when the defender is obliged to participate in criminal proceeding but which, unfortunately, did not find reflection in the current  legislation.  in  practical  activities  of  the bodies  conducting  criminal  procedure,  the  affairs, materials  which  are  brought  by  prosecutor  often meet  the  investigator,judge  or  court  to  doubts  in ability accused independently to carry out the right of defense. the basis for such doubt is manifestation from defendant party of the indifferent relation to cases,  low  level  of  intellectual  development  and education  and  other  possible  emergence  of  the circumstances having values for the cases, etc.

if in the presence of these bases the defender is not invited to  the  suspects  accused,  their lawful representatives, and also other persons on their assignment, the body conducting criminal procedure, is obliged to provide participation of the defender at the corresponding stage of process about which it takes out the resolution which is obligatory for members of Collegium of  advocates.

the lawyer has no right to refuse the assumed protection of the suspect or accused.

refusal    of    the    lawyer    of    the    accepted assignment (except for its illness and other objective circumstances) on criminal case on which life was to the reasons is a minor offense. Making decisions on impossibility of performance of an assignment, the lawyer is obliged to inform of it the person which has asked for the help, in advance, that he had opportunity to address to other lawyer.

if  the  lawyer  sees  the  bases  for  the  judgment appeal, and the client objects to it, it is necessary to receive written refusal of the condemned. this rule does not extend on minors and the persons suffering from physical and mental defects.

thus,  the  lawyer  (defender),  giving  accused legal help in implementation of its procedural laws, thereby  promotes  correct)  both  to  comprehensive consideration of the case and removal of a lawful, reasonable and fair sentence.

additionally, the law provides the circumstances excluding participation of the lawyer as the defender. Defenders can be lawyers because only professional protection is urged to provide the qualified legal aid for an accused person.

in confirmation of his status the lawyer submits to the bodies conducting criminal procedure, documents on accessory of Collegium of advocates, in necessary cases the warrant of legal consultation on the right of participation of the lawyer in the this case or equated to it on value the document (the solution of public association or its governing body on appointment of the defender).

at the same time, the law allows participation of the spouse (wife/husband), close relatives and lawful representatives of the suspect accused and the defendant, representatives of labor unions and other public associations, for members of these associations as the defenders.

according  to  rK  Criminal  Procedure  Code, close  relatives  are  parents,  children,  the  adoptive parents adopted, full and not full brothers and sisters, the grandfather, the grandmother and grandsons.

lawful   representatives   are   parents,   adoptive parents,  trustees,  trustees  of  the  suspect  accused,  the victim, the civil claimant, and also representatives of the organizations and persons, on care or which dependence there is the suspect who was accused or injured.

the  lawful  representative  is  a  person  under guardianship or on which care there is a minor, or the person suffering from physical or mental defects who  cannot  independently  protect  the  rights  and legitimate interests. the lawful representative is an independent participant of criminal trial and is not connected with a position of the represented person and  the  defender.  Participation  in  deals  of  the counsel for the accused does not attract discharge of the lawful representative.

as  for  investment  of  representatives  of  labor unions and other public associations by the right to be defenders, it can be explained with special trust from defendant side, a lack of lawyers in the certain regions of the republic of Kazakhstan, and also that among the tasks of organization is a representation of interests and protection of their members.

the  bases  for  elimination  of  the  lawyer  from participation in criminal proceeding as the defender are, if he:

  • earlier participated in case as a judge, prosecutor, investigator, inquirer, court clerk, court usher, witness, expert, specialist,translator or eyewitness;
  • consists in the related relations with public official whо accepted or takes part in investigation or judicial review of the this case;
  • proviides or earlier gave legal help to the person having opposite interests with client or confidential person and is equal in the related relations with such persons ;
  • has no right to be a defender or representative by law.

existence of any of the listed circumstances obliges the lawyer to refuse conducting deals (i.e. he cannot become a defender).

if  it  it  was  not  made,  the  issue  of  discharge from participation in proceeding of the defender is resolved by the body conducting criminal procedure. the lawyer can be not informed at the time of assignment  acceptance  that  his  relative  takes  part in a legal investigation. Certainly, it is difficult to assume that any lawyer, concluding the agreement with the person whom has asked for a legal aid, is not interested in that who conducts an investigation of  case.  but  sometimes  pretrial  investigation  is carried  investigative  or   investigative  task  force from the very beginning. if there is a public official (the  investigator,  the  investigator)  in  its  structure with whom the lawyer is in the family relations, this circumstance practically can emerge at conversation with the investigator, the head of group when the assignment  is  already  accepted.  in  this  case,  in our opinion, it is necessary to eliminate the public official, instead of the defender from participation in cases (especially as the fundamental constitutional principle says «each accused has the right to use the help of the lawyer (defender)» – item 3 of art. 16 of the Constitution of rK. [1] ] .

supplementing this provision of item 1 of art. 72 of the Criminal Procedure Code of rK, directly specifies that «the defender is invited suspected or accused  on  an  assignment  or  with  the  consent  of the suspect accused» though the law narrates on the contrary.

the lawyer cannot participate at the same time on  one  case  as  a  defender,  representative  of  the victim,  civil  claimant  and  civil  respondent.  the suspect  (accused,  the  defendant)  cannot  declare branch to the lawyer who carries out his protection, and has the right only to refuse its help.

branch as it takes place with the judge, the prosecutor, the investigator, the person making inquiry, and some other participants cannot be declared to the defender.

accused  and  the  suspect  at  any  moment  of proceeding  has  the  right  to  refuse  the  defender, to   invite   other   defender   or   to   be   protected independently. the exception makes in cases, if:

  • the suspected or accused did not reach legal age;
  • suspected or accused cannot independently carry out the right of defense owing to the physical or mental defects ;
  • suspected or accused does not know language in which legal proceedings are conducted;
  • the accused is forcibly directed on stationary forensic-psychiatric examination. here refusal accused from the defender cannot be accepted by the body conducting criminal procedure.

refusal of it can take place at any stage of process only at the initiative of accused (suspect) and in the presence  of  real  possibility  of  participation  of  the lawyer in case.

refusal   of   the   defender   has   to   be   strictly voluntary, the initiative has to proceed from accused, and refusal has to to be expressed in a straight line and a certain form.

accused  and  suspect  have  the  rights  to  refuse the  defender  without  giving  motives  of  refusal. however, the person making inquiry, investigator, prosecutor and court have to take an interest in causes of failure, without being limited to formal refusal. having  found  out,  whether  refusal  is  compelled, having  explained  to  them  that  the  defender  can be  appointed  irrespective  of  existence  of  funds for payment of its work or absence of the lawyer. refusal is made out in written form or reflected in the  protocol  of  the  corresponding  investigative  or judicial action.

refusal  of  the  defender  is  not  reflected  in procedural position of other participants of process and does not deprive of the accused and suspected right at any moment of proceeding again to invite the defender or to declare the petition for appointment of the defender.

thus, according to above four bases, the lawyer is  eliminated  on  preliminary  investigation  by  the resolution of the investigator or the prosecutor, and in  court  –  the  resolution  of  the  court  considering case.  the  decision  on  elimination  needs  to  be motivated   and   provided   accused   possibility   of receiving a legal aid from other defender.

elimination of the defender by investigator, prosecutor and court cannot be identified with refusal accused from the defender. solution of such problems as existence or absence of internal belief (position)  concerning  actions  of  the  client  is  of interest; opportunity or need of development of an independent position on business; focus of interest of the client which the defender and many others is obliged to defend during the implementation.

at the same time quality of the legal help given in judicial production by lawyers, appointed the state, remains low because of of their congestion and low payment for provided services. the  state  should  make  a  lot  of  work  to  make Kazakhstan     citizens     feel     the     constitutional guarantees   of   the   safety   and   protection   within lawsuit.

 

References 

  1. Constitution of the republic of Kazakhstan dated august 30, 1995
  2. law «on advocacy» December 5, 1997. – almaty: zhety zhargy, 2010. – 48p.
  3. baranov D.P. lawyer right (advocacy in russia) b – М.: academcentr; Publishing and trading Corporation «Dashkov and K», 2011. – 368 p.
  4. Presidential Decree having the force of law «on amendments and additions to some legislative acts of the republic of Ka- zakhstan» and Presidential Decree having the force of law «on state registration of legal entities» on october 5, 1995.
  5. tynybekov C. advocacy in the republic of Kazakhstan: b – almaty Daneker 2001. – 246p.
  6. right of rK № 349-1 «on state secrets» from 15 March 1999.
  7. zhamieva rM, ei Kairzhanov tactics of defense counsel in criminal cases: t – almaty, 2000. – 228 p.
  8. Code of Criminal Procedure of the republic of Kazakhstan. – almaty, 2008.

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