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Standing and the historical aspects of social development of the state, which form the nations

Nation formation is the most difficult and multifaceted problem. Each nation should pass many historical stages to call itself “nation”. This difficult process include not only one and even not two centuries. It takes much time to nation formation. For example, Kazakh nation formation relates to appearance of the first communities namely the Bronze Age (II – I BC) and Iron Age (VI – IV BC).

The prosperous tribes of that period consisted of ancient and unified tribes lived in the wide territory of present Kazakhstan.

In the 6th century the territory of Kazakhstan consisted of more than 30 Tyurk-speaking tribes. In the 6th  century the territory of Kazakhstan was the part of Tyurk Kaganat.

In 702 the West-Tyurk Kaganat broke up into Tyurgeshskii kaganat (704-756), Karlukskii kaganat (756-940), Oguz tribes (the end of the 9th century – the beginning of the 11th century), Kimaks (893 – the 11th century), Kipchaks (the 11th  century – 1219), Karakhanids (942-1212).

Among these stages two of them played a large part in Kazakh nation formation. The first of them is Kipchuk Khanate, the nation of which were lived between two rivers Irtysh and Edil. The other was Karakhanid feudal state the people of which were lived on the South-East part of Kazakhstan. With all this going on we must note that the Mongol conquests didn’t influenced on the nation formation.

The Naiman and Kereits tribes, came from Altay, influenced on the ethnic solution.

Kidani attack from the East was conducted to the weakness of the Karakhanid state. In  the 13th  century, the time of Karakhanid’s prosperity, the Mongol conquest began. The tribes of Kirchuks were hard hit by this conquest. Mongols destroyed the both states. Thus the process of nation formation was stopped until the 15th century.

The large quantity of the Kipchuk tribes moved from the old hount. Some of the tribes moved to the Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia, keeping their language, which shows that the culture of the nation was form before the Mongol conquest.

In 14-15 centuries, in spite of military operations, Ak Horde, Hogai Horde, Abulkhair’s Khanate contributed to strengthening and unification of the nation.

Ancient Kazakh tribes, in spite of their historical, geographical, economical, political alienation wearied for the uniting the people. As a result there are three Juzs appeared: senior, middle, junior. The tribes of the Senior Juz were liver on the territory of Zhetysu and Southern Kazakhstan, the middle Juz takes the Central and Nothern Kazakhstan and the junior Juz was on the territory of Western Kazakhstan.

The history of Kazakh ethnonimy appearance was an object of scientific disputes. In some historical sources this term was used as a social meaning “Kazakhs”. The word “Kazakh” began to use when Zhanibek and Kerei had moved to Zhetysu. In that time they were called “uzbek Kazakhs”.

The term “Kazakh” we can find in Kypchuk memorials of Mamluk state in 1245. The word “Kazakh” had the meaning of “nomad” and were found in Tyurkish- Arabic dictionaries.

Sometimes this term is read and perceived as designation of two tribes (kaspii and sak). Some historians supported that the term was formed as the mixture of words “khas” and “sak”.

In the second book of the History of Kazakhstan we can find that the term “Kazakh” were used in IX-X centuries as a designation of society, and in XI-XII centuries for the designation of ethnic social groups. In this century was the formation of the Kazakh ethnos. And in each historical periods this term was keeping on. As a result in XIV century the Kazakhs were a nation. In the latter half of XV century we could find the final formation of the Kazakh nation ethnogenesis , and the word “Kazakh” got the ethnic meaning (1, 245).

If to trace the historical stages of Kazakh nation formation we can find the following: The republic of Kazakhstan takes the particular place in world policy.

Kazakh nation for a long lime protected their land from the contrite and conquests.

But the majority think that the weak point lies on the missing stage of capitalism. And as a result the nation didn’t form the national self-consciousness, didn’t realize the national value and wasn’t active in protection of  national rights. The main reason of which some historians think lies on that fact that Kazakhstan was under the influence of Russian Imperia, and later of “Red” Imperia. There was not own government.

During the 70 years, the time of red imperia pressure, Kazakhstan developed its industry. But in towns and work villages the other nation representatives were lived and worked and Kazakhs were forced to live in the country and engage in animal husbandry. Thus the social structure was agricultural and the consciousness wasn’t developed in right way.

The data of the census of 2009, the population of Kazakhstan Republic was 16 009,  6 thousand  people. Among them: Kazakhs – 63,1 %, Russians – 23,7%, Uzbeks – 2,9 %, Ukrainians – 2,1  %, Uigurs  – 1,4  %, Tatars – 1,3%, Germans – 1,1%, other ethnos – 4,5 % (2).

So, Kazakh people must be mononational. Now, Kazakhstan is the democratic constitutional state, in which  the different nations are lived.

It is necessary to note that the policy leaded by the Centre was lasted for nearly three centuries had influenced on the language, faith, culture of the people of Kazakhstan.

The government, destroying the national value, wanted to create the certain state. The national questions were not solve fully, thus the rebellion was started on December 1986.

For nation formation we must take into account the following:

  • Culture formation
  • Territory formation
  • The development of national self consciousness
  • National language formation
  • Nation must be collectively called
  • Anthropological type of the given nation

As the president Nazarbayev wrote: “Only nowadays the Kazakh self-consciousness can understand the past, present and future national “I am”. But it is only the opportunity, which must be the reality, fact of the mass consciousness not only Kazakhs but all the Kazakhstan people” (3, 286).

If our country wants to be civilized, first of all it must to form the national self-consciousness.

The problem of self-consciousness is taking part in works of scientific philosopher – M.Orynbekov. Kazakh nation has its own rich history. National history is national consciousness.

“Self-consciousness is a product of exact nation and also it’s cultural reflection of the given nation. Formation of the national self-consciousness is an unique process.” – as told M.Orynbecov (4, 28).

National interests are often closely connected with national consciousness.

Lean on the last conceptual researches we can find that the formation of national consciousness is like a spirit of nation (5, 54).

The nation which builds a government in our opinion is people who lived in historic motherland from the time of Saks, Uisuns, Kanglys.

Kazakh Khanate was formed in XIV century and from that time they had tried to protect their lands and  steppe. (“Ak taban” and “Alakol sulala” periods).

Component of the nation:

  • Bio-anthropological form, genealogical line, common geographical territory and the environment are formed the related group of people with the common language;
  • In an independent state the related groups have risen to the mono-nationality.

In our days, on the giving data of census, in Kazakhstan the Kazakhs reached to the mono-nationality. For example, in the world there are 330 ethnos with the population more than 1 million people, and the rest 1700 ethnos don’t have the population in 1 million.

Today the population of Kazakhs are close to 70%, evidently, the state will be national state, which will influenced to the growth of social-political status.

Nationality which built the state, social values, relative groups, which have the vital priorities. Kazakhstan is the innovative industrial development state.

  • Nation, which built the Republic of Kazakhstan, is responsible to development for each ethnos, protects the vital needs of the All Kazakhstan people are responsible for the destiny of social-political ethnos.
  • Nation, which built the state has the aim to save the unity of the state’s territory, rebirth of culture and traditions, the use of high technologies, rebirth of professional knowledge;
  • Official language is the prosperity of Kazakh language, return of our native brothers who are lived abroad, to rise the living standards, saving the independence and to hand it from generation to

“Kazakh nation is united nation, which form the state” – the name of the investigations.

In 2012 during 3-22 of june in towns Pavlodar, Aktobe, Astana and Shymkent, i.e. on the south, north, west and east of Kazakhstan the several scientists have researched. Among the experts were the representatives of migration services, leaders of social organizations. The problems which experts were tried to solve are as following:

  • There are not any offence of other nations to Kazakh nation which built the state;
  • -The representatives of other nations must understand rightly the policy of the Kazakh nation;
  • -The nation must imply the unity of the territory, language, economy.

We must take into account that the representatives of other nations are lived on the territory of Kazakhs who have their own history. They must understand that there must not be the term of “international  Kazakhstan” instead of which there must be the term of “mono-national Kazakhstan”, on the territory of which there are lived other national ethnos.

In this case, the important point of view of the professor Amangeldy Aitalov, from Aktyubinsk sate  pedagogical institute, has appeared: “On my mind, we have totally tired of saying – Kazakhstan is an international state, but in practice – Kazakhstan is mono-national state.

As a majority of public figures pointed that the main bulk of Kazakh nation are not satisfied with social conditions, unemployment, ecological problems, in particular 63,8 % of natural resources are belong to foreign companies.

Also on the results of American scientists’ research 70 % of Kazakhs maintain the official language, but only 6 % of proceedings are on native language. Amangeldy Aitalov: “If the nation, building its own state, is weak, that’s and the state will be weak. This is a rule and a principle. That’s why the safety of Kazakh nation, its condition don’t contain only by availability of Flag, State Emblem, Anthem or membership in UNO.

There are thoughts, that there is a danger in assimilation of the nation and their dissolution.

There are thoughts of the public figures how to save the Kazakh nation: the development of historical self- consciousness of the people, for this purpose we need the formation of spiritual center. In this case we must work in the following directions:

  • Understanding the fact, that Kazakh people have their own history, which is lasting from the Ancient Tyurk
  • To continue the development of national traditions, traditions of the Muslim
  • To show the influence of the Tyurk, Kazakh culture on the other To open eyes to Russian people about the veritable role of Kazakhs in society making. Do not to admit the false superiority, that Russians have influenced on the culture of the Kazakhs.
  • With the aim of national self-consciousness growth we need to make an explonational work, to organize the educational work, to activate the work of mass
  • The society cannot be without own culture, education, Also can not exist without faith. This faith in our country is Islam. That’s why we must to educate our future generation in the best Islamic principles.

We can establish that the thought “Kazakh nation is a nation, which is building it’s own state, proves it’s political, historical consistency.

This point of view must form the social consciousness. There the mass media has an important role. Also we must to get rid of the thought “out of nationality”, which is sometimes appeared in society. Today we must to develop the projects which can continue the formation of national idea, enthusiasm.

Nowadays all countries of the world are paid attention into national problem. For example, in France there is the principle – “France will develop as France, when each Frenchman will aspire for being a high level Frenchman”, Germans are hold to the principle – “One state – one nation”, in Japan – “One state – one spirit”. The world history says that little ethnos in international countries were assimilated under the influence of titled ethnos.

In civilized countries the scanty nations are forced to take the culture, language and traditions of the dominant nation. For example, in the USA there is not important the parentage of the man, but the citizen of America.

If we look to the tenet “Boiled Kazakh”, we can see the leading countries as the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany.

To solve the national problem, we must pay attention to the necessity of other nations who lived in the given state. But for all that we must remember the tenet, which was stated in XIX century in political ideas of Dual socialists. Based on this tenet the ethnos could not build it’s own individual state with it’s own culture. That’s why it is important to create the conditions for realization of lingual and cultural ethnos necessities, who lived on the territory of the given state. In this case the work of Kazakhstan nation Assambly is important.

Nowadays the republic of Kazakhstan differ not only in population increase, but in formation of civilized state in 20 years. There is the vital renovation of culture, new understanding of national, cultural, spiritual values, the program “Cultural heritage” is developing.

The main role in future culture and science developing, cultural and spiritual values solving plays the pure brothers who were returned to Kazakhstan. (as an example the song “Karajorga”).

The problem “National Brand” was raised on the convent of socialists and politicians in 23-25 November  2010.

The youth of Almaty, Astana, Karaganda, Pavlodar, Semey organize “The day of Baursak” like Germans with their “Beer fest”.

The formation of the nation is difficult and polyhedral process. In this case we must remember the words of scientist, professor, doctor of the philosophical sciences Raushanbek Absattorov: “In our country the national idea has two meaning. The first is as definition of Kazakh nation. The second is overkazakstani. Sometimes we mix up these meanings. We need the idea of Kazakh nationality, and only then the Kazakh idea. This is an oracle, axis. An in particular the development of the Kazakh idea will promote the further consolidation  of  national enthusiasm, which will be work on the way of the progressive role. (6, 3) The idea of the nationality is close connected with mentality, developing this idea our country can be appeared on the same level with  other  countries.

 

 

  1. The History of Kazakhstan, the second - Almaty: Atamura, 1997. – 545 p.
  2. The official net page of Kazakhstan statistics// http://www.kaz.stat.kz.
  3. Nazarbayev A. On the waves of history. - Almaty: Atamura, 1999. – 286.
  4. Orynbekov The ideological bases of Kazakhstani civilization// conference materials, Almaty. – 2004. 27-31 pages.
  5. Drobizheva M. Culture and national self-consciousness. Soviet culture: 70 years of development -M., 1987 - P. 54-56.
  6. Absattarov B. The main purpose of Kazakhstan is to unite the West and the East // Aikyn. – 2011. – 11 january.

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