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Political transformation and political reforms in the countries of central Asia

I. INTRODUCTION

Many researchers notice that the post totalitarian condition of the countries of the Central Asia is not simply transitive a stage in formation liberal democracies of the western sample and special sociopolitical and economic model of the development which main distinctive feature unpredictability (1). Thus it is considered that it «transition from totalitarianism to democracies». And some even specify: «through an authoritarianism stage».  Region of the Central Asia in it of relations are allocated special, sometimes with unique properties.  For example, A.Pshevorsky names transition to democracies «an uncertainty kingdom». There upon he notices that «…democracy – not an unique possible result of process of transition»: when the end  to dictatorship comes, various strategy of development are admissible. The permission of an authoritative mode can be turned back or finally at a message to dictatorship of the new sample».

The director of programs of Institute of the Central Asia and Caucasus at the Higher school of the international relations of University of J.Hopkins of T.Martirosjan in the research «Transition in autocracies and relations of the USA to events in the Central Eurasia» recognizes that some reforms the region countries have been conducted, however «political systems of almost all states of Central Asia and Caucasus differ unreasonably strong executive and rather weak legislature». The author underlines that «at the best the states of Central Asia and Caucasus can be characterized as a hybrid of authoritarianism and defective democracy. At worst it is a question of a mode close to totalitarianism» (2). Known Kirghiz politician Z.Sadanbekov, researching laws of political transformation and modernization of the countries of the Central Asia in modern conditions, comes to a conclusion that authoritarianism is an inevitable stage at transition from totalitarianism  to democracy, and the optimal and viable mode of the state board – authoritarianism and democracy synthesis (3). According to A.Dzhenkshenkulova, specificity of a transition period in the countries of the Central Asia consists that «in due time to these countries have imposed from the outside the Soviet variant Civilization to modernization, and in some cases literally armed force. This variant was badly integrated to traditional social relations of the people of the Central Asia and their cultures» (4).

Political process in the Central Asia – the phenomenon of new time. For its justification and disclosing are not sufficient neither descriptions, nor simple ascertaining. It is necessary to consider it as the object belonging simultaneously to material and spiritual life of a society, using for this purpose methods of scientific is social- humanitarian knowledge. If to take into consideration the factor of historical memory (i.e. a role pre-Soviet and the Soviet history) and mentality, and also feature of a conduct of life of the people of the Central Asia it is possible to present all complexity of transformation developed here. Democratic transformations are only a  part of this difficult and many-sided process. More over, democratization and market reforms – two most mentioned sides of this transformation – not only mutually causes each other, but also is in interrelation with other directions of transformations. For the Soviet Central Asia disintegration of the USSR first of all meant disappearance of the uniform managing center performing the complete system control over all elements of  ability to live of communities, including an operational administration economy, forming of foreign policy, system of safety, the basic ideological principles of functioning etc. Being a part of uniform centralized system of the USSR, republics of Central Asia almost were completely dependent at accepting of the major decisions. Disintegration of the USSR has put them in a situation of search of the place and creation of new system unity in the one-stage changed world. This position assumed revealing of interests of concrete political system (in  this case, the former Soviet Allied Socialist Republic) from general system unity of the former USSR. For this purpose it was necessary to undertake the whole series of measures on creation of institutes of the independent state, and also to specify its priorities in internal and foreign policy. Transition to new political life for the former union republics was not simple from the point of view, both the theory, and practice. At the first stage  of a transition period there was a question: «With what to begin?» One asserted, it is necessary what to begin with economic reforms, others – with political. The third considered that it is necessary to carry out political reforms, simultaneously having involved the economic. Such approach has been caused by that political development should, in their opinion, promote effective economic reforming and construction of market relations with a multistructure economy and various patterns of ownership. At the first stage of a transition period the central-Asian countries have gone by the way of forming of new political institutes – presidencies, the government (executive, legislative, judicial), new political parties, public organizations, associations etc. Originally in all republics of region a principal organ still had the Supreme body, and its chairmen acted as heads of the state. Thus in all countries except for the Kirghiz Republic, Chairmen of the Supreme bodies there were chosen Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Company of the republics holding this post at the moment of acquisition of independence. Efforts of the come to power public politicians forming of the super strong presidential power allocated huge, frequently with excessive powers has prevailed. Certainly, it became possible at the expense of certain easing of other state institutes, including parliament of political parties of judicial authority, forms of direct democracy. In the justification of such position usual to be conducted the standard kit of the arguments which essence consists in absence of alternatives of the power of the leader – of the reformer, called to perform a series of radical transformations to the transit period. 

II. To compare the analysis

(The analysis of political development in developments in a cut on the region countries)

Republic Kazakhstan. When empire disintegration became true fact, it was necessary for heads of new central-Asian states to find the answer of two questions: how about correction, against whom to lean? And it was necessary to solve all, without participation of Moscow. Especially sharply these questions have risen in front of Kazakhstan – the big country with the economy closed to Russia and ethnically heterogeneous population. In our opinion, starting conditions of Kazakhstan have allowed the country to leave in unconditional leaders in region. It was promoted by following factors. In – the first, the republic has received a solid share of economic potential of Soviet Union in the order. As a result of revolution of 1917 Kazakhstan became the owner of the huge territory allocated with the richest and various stocks of natural resources (about three billions tons of taken oil in the dissolved deposits) thanks to what the republic could count really on fast attraction of the foreign capital for development of production sphere and introduction in the economy of modern technologies (5).

Secondly, during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 in republic from areas to which threatened occupation, along with collectives of workers and the technical personnel 220 factories, factories, masterful, artilleries and groups of industrial enterprises (during war 20 from them were evacuated) have been evacuated. Then the overwhelming majority of scientific shots which wars after end remained there has moved to Kazakhstan.

The third factor, much important role becoming independent Kazakhstan, the complex of events for liquidation of lagging of agricultural industry and to increase in production the grains known under the name "virgin soil" became played conducted, since 1945. A virgin soil was the powerful accelerator  not  only agrarian sector, but also an all-around development of economy, science and culture of Kazakhstan. Those  years to Kazakhstan has arrived more than 600 thousand technical officers, specialists of agricultural industry, machine operators and builders. Within 1954-1955 from cities, the regional centers of Kazakhstan and other republics to state farms and collective farms it has been directed more than 6 thousand agriculturists, livestock specialists, engineers, mechanics, etc. specialists. Over thousand  skilled  organizers  agricultural  production have passed, for work as directors of state farms and MTS chairmen of collective farms as a whole the high- value production the virgin soil has brought the appreciable contribution to a republic export potential. With a basis Kazakhstan became the large manufacturer of grain and fig. production of potatoes, vegetables, and  grapes fruits has sometimes increased. Fourthly, long time at the head of republic there was D.Kunaev, having the big authority on the Political bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU and made every possible effort for prosperity of the country as a part of the Soviet state. It heading Kazakhstan more quarter of the century, had huge untouchable authority among the republic people. After union disintegration by such leader Kazakhstan the state became N.Nazarbaev which promotion, on a post of the first secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Kazakhstan was promoted by December events of 1986 and G.Kolbin's leave. N.Nazarbayev who had a wide experience of management, allocated with uncommon intelligence and the will, having image of the most perspective politician among leaders of the CIS countries, became the national leader recognized not only political elite of the state, but also the simple people. It had strong support both the Kazakhstan parting-state structures, and elite of the Kazakh clans.

Radical nationalist and religious, and also liberally-democratic oppositional currents have arisen and in Kazakhstan, but they were still weak with small influence and could not throw down a challenge of the power of N.Nazarbaev. Besides, it managed to solve a problem of consolidation of a political society of Kazakhstan, to develop and implement the concept of the state national policy which is focused on accounting and the coordination of interests and requirements of each ethnos, their active interaction in a uniform state generality of the people. For realization of the balanced national policy at the expense of harmonious synthesis of a policy of the state and activity national – the cultural centers in provision ethnic the world and the consent in republic in 1995 the Assembly of the people of Kazakhstan has been created. Subsequently it has turned to unique and effective institute of a civil society. At the initial stage of independence of the Republic Kazakhstan has  entered the most complicated period of transformation of all parties of ability to live of the state It mentioned all branches of the power, and first of all, legislative and executive. Characteristic sign of the period 1991-1993 was rupture between new tendencies of development and inertial preserving of the majority of lines of the Soviet system. It was required to find a new configuration of the authorities, their ratio and responsibility spheres. Originally changes have mentioned the executive authority, having expressed in entering of a post of the President in all republics of the former Soviet Union. The post of the President of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic has been founded on April, 24 th, 1990 earlier, rather than institutional, the institute of presidency arranged and having legislative base. The first national presidential elections of the country have taken place on December, 1st 1991 г (6). The presidential post was actually other name of a post of the first secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Kazakhstan. The difference consisted in understanding of presidency at the given stage not as institute, and as declaring of independence of Moscow and. Finally, requests for a known share of the sovereignty. In the institutional plan of change nevertheless were, as it has led to reducing of powers of the Chairman of the Supreme body which has lost the status of the higher public official of the country in contacts to an external world and in the country. Elections became the first change which has mentioned imperious structure of republic, towards its transformation from Soviet to new, specific to the period of disintegration of Soviet Union. They have generated the first rudiments of a new ratio of the authorities in republic and that the most important thing, have interrupted dependence on the Soviet system: now the country the President who could not be displaced strong-willed  the decision  administered duly elected over the majority of the population, and its post was legitimate. Direct elections have changed system of legitimacy of the power of the Head of the state. Now the president did not depend on will of the higher representative body, thus, combination of posts of the state head and the executive authority at direct electoral elections in December, 1991 has allowed to draw a conclusion that there was a transition from semi parliamentary and presidential system. Confirmation to it became constitutional the law «About the state independence of Republic Kazakhstan» from December, 16 th, 1991 where transition to presidential republic has been fixed. Experts allocate 3 stages of functioning of institute of presidency in Kazakhstan.

  1. (1990-1991) when the presidential status was, basically, the declaration of independence of republic from the center and has not been erected accurately certain institutional
  2. (1991-1995) – the president was the Head of the state and headed system of executive powers of the power.
  3. (Since 1995) – the status of the Head of the state acquires new sense, as guarantor of the agreed functioning of all branches of the power, at simultaneous preserving of the control by it over the executive authority (7).

Along with executive authority development, there was an active reforming of legislature as the major component of any democratic state, criterion of acting division of the authorities is the independent legislature. The first Parliament (the Supreme body of XII convocation), born by democratic elections of 1990 functioned from April, 1990 till December, 1993 (8). Specificity of the Railroad train of this Parliament was determined by that it was formed on the basis of the first free elections. It has allowed entering into it to independent politicians, representatives arising civil institutes. Though formation of structure of legislature passed in difficult and at times to inconsistent conditions, is standard – the legal base has pledged the first Parliament which has accepted the Declaration on the state sovereignty to Republic (October, 1990), the Constitutional law of Republic Kazakhstan «About the State independence РК» (December, 1991), the first Constitution (January, 1993) and as has created solid legislative base of reforms. Councils as imperious structure, began to show the not a solvency and not readiness for transformation in Political system of Kazakhstan. Qualitatively new social and economic and political conditions demanded change of function of the higher legislative and representative and authority. This crisis was permitted in the autumn of 1993 when the system of representative bodies in the form of Council has broken up. Self-dissolution process has begun with local structures – regional councils and has come to the end with accepting by Parliament of the Law on the prescheduled termination of powers of the Supreme body. On November, 16 th, 1993 the Ala-Tau regional council of People's Deputies of Almaty has made unprecedented the decision on self-dissolution. On November, 17 th deputies of Lenin and October regional councils of Almaty also has decided to cease ahead of schedule the powers (9). One after other regional councils and behind them regional at session has declared the termination of the activity. Mandates began to hand over and many deputies of the Supreme body who understood that the republic parliament was not arranged yet in real political force. Representative authority reforming in a context of idea of division of the authorities and enhancement of legislative activity towards its professionalizing and efficiency is necessary. Self-dissolution of the Supreme body and all system of Councils has led to necessity of forming of professional bodies of the representative authority. Together with these state institutes development and institute of democratic elections was required. In 1992-1993 became obvious that the existing electoral system any more does not correspond to developing new public relations and politico-imperious structure and needs serious reorganization.

The beginning to the first stage of reforming has put coming into force of the Constitution of the 1993 which have changed system and principles of representation on which all without an exception deputies of the Supreme body and local representative bodies should be selected directly by the people. The second stage of reforming of an election system has begun with Code accepting «About elections in Republic Kazakhstan» from December, 9 th, 1993 when the majority system, and in both known versions was entered: system of the absolute relative majority. Between system of Councils and the presidential power in Kazakhstan it is possible to name contradictions natural step on a way of formation of new Parliament and creation of presidential republic. Changes of the state system towards executive authority strengthening were essentially affected by an economic condition of the state.

In December, 1993 Kazakhstan has got to a critical situation. Urgent input of national currency  and  forming own financially – credit system demanded the operative and qualified work of all branches of the power. However deputies could not reorient methods and style of the work, and, as consequence, efficiency of the Government has been held down by Parliament. It has led to self-dissolution of system of Councils, including Supreme body. The second Kazakhstan Parliament (the Supreme body of XIII convocation) functioned from April, 1994 Till March, 1995 it for the first time representatives of political parties, governmental economy have entered. Forming of institute of parliamentary opposition became feature of the given Supreme body. As it is known, as a result of the resolution of the Constitutional Court about discrepancy of the Constitution of the Parliamentary elections which have passed on March 7 th, 1994 their results and legitimacy of powers of deputies have been called into question (10). However, despite all lacks, the Supreme bodies XII and XIII convocations became the major institute of legitimacy of the power. During their functioning the constitution has been accepted (1993) rudiments  of the  new legislation are generated.  After two dissolutions Supreme Councils creation of such professional political body which would perform exclusively legislative functions was required, without usurping sphere of responsibility of other branches of  the power according to positions of the constitution of 1995 the parliament of two houses which has begun the activity on January, 30 th, 1996 has been generated The choice of the legislature consisting of the Senate and Majilis, is not casual. First, stable equilibrium of forces between the Government and Parliament when an absolute power of one structure restrained creation another was reached more. In the second it as meant more effective parliamentary machine as legislative work it was carried out through the mutual coordination in both chambers. The period since 1995 and later needs to be characterized as stable politically process at which escalating of weight of democratic methods in political system of the state was observed. Development of the state system of Republic Kazakhstan began to be determined by the positions accepted on a referendum of the Constitution since 1995 Legal having fixed transition to a presidential government. The professional  parliament of two houses which elections have passed on the mixed system, providing voting by party lists (since 1999) has been created. As a result of consecutive political reforms in Kazakhstan there was a type of political system for which following lines are characteristic:

  • The principle of division of the uniform government has affirmed as a state system on the legislative, executive and judicial authorities;
  • There was a formation and the further enhancement of institute of democratic elections;
  • The beginning is necessary to develop multi-party system; the political pluralism is legislatively fixed;
  • Process of creation of the third sector has begun: nongovernmental organizations, public

Thus, acceptance of two constitutions of Kazakhstan (1993-1995), Supreme body transfer in addition over the constitutional powers to the president in December, 1993, thousand multiple depreciation of ruble and twenty multiple inflation of tenge, dissolution of two parliaments, board till 2000 of term presidential power in April, 1995, the uncountable economic and anti-recessionary programs, complete submission legislative, executive and judicial authority to the presidential device, «macroeconomic stabilization», comprador privatization legislative neoplasm’s and, at last, moving of capital of Kazakhstan to Astana became the major marks on a way of creation of the new form of state hood as which it is possible to consider as the come true fact (11). Century went to second half 90 th of the past active social reforming which mentioned all spheres of life of a society, including an educational level of a state of health of the population average positivity of life, a demography pension reform, and also a question of youth, culture, etc. To one of the reasons of falling of a level of living of the population as a result of conducted reforms became destabilization state and a social infrastructure and while qualitative new system it has not been still constructed. The volume of free services of a health care, formation, social servicing was reduced. All it was a basis for growth of social intensity in society, a potential source of social conflicts, threat of infringement of internal political stability in the state.

In the inheritance from empire Kazakhstan the demographic situation has got the extremely difficult. 1991 in the country which population constituted 16,5 it is lovely, the person, actually Kazakhs 39,7% from all railroad train lived 6 535 thousand, i.e. A share not the Kazakh population constituted accordingly 60,3% or Russian 6228 thousand (12). Such position obliged 9,929 thousand persons from them to a management of republic with special attention to concern development national-state ideologies that has been made in 1997 at development of prescheduled strategy of development «Kazakhstan-2030: prosperity, safety and improvement welfare of all Kazakhstan`s people». The second long-term priority in it names preserving and strengthening of internal political stability and national unity. The mentioned strategy, as a matter of fact, is the program document determining system of the purpose, tasks their realization to long-term prospect, contours of the Kazakhstan future. It is the long-term program has incorporated the best world experience of strategic  planning, and it was allocated following seven long-term priorities of development of Kazakhstan for 33 years forward:

  1. The Homeland
  2. Internal political stability and society consolidation;
  3. Economic growth based on open market economy, with high level foreign the investment and domestic savings.
  4. Health, formation and well-being of citizens of
  5. Power
  6. The Infrastructure, in particular transport and
  7. The Professional state (13).

Above listed priorities have laid down in a basis practically all branch short – and medium-term plans of social and economic and political development of Kazakhstan.

Republic Kyrgyzstan. In Kirghizia a starting condition of creation of independent statehood was, perhaps, one of the most difficult on all post-Soviet territory. In republic there are not enough minerals which is usual involve large foreign investors. The economic complex of the country has been deeply integrated with other republics and obviously is not self-sufficient. Certain difference in force and a level of living between northern and southern areas have been complicated by the amplified interbreeding and interpatrimonial competition.

Kyrgyzstan has opened «parade of the central-Asian sovereignties», the first of region having proclaimed independence. The basic stages of evolution of political system of sovereign Kyrgyzstan as a whole have coincided with stages of national-state building. The main maintenance of an initial phase of development of  the country of its steel before Soviet period, and creation of a basis for independent development. Last factor was the country leaders of installation solving at a choice on democratic building. The management  of Kirghizia since first months after disintegration of the USSR extremely seriously has concerned questions of observance of the right and democracy. Under certificates of the international observers, on elections passing   in republic the minimum quantity of infringements of democratic procedures has been fixed. Since first days of independence of Kirghizia the opposition had a possibility openly to state the point of view. Has been rather quickly conducted (and without sharp excesses) privatization of a considerable part of the state property. The establishment of institute of presidency in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in other, central-Asian republics on  a threshold of decomposition of the USSR, was logic step to political development of the country. On the one hand it meant end of the stage of one-party political system of the Soviet type where the party nomenclature performed both direct, and the indirect control over the executive. Judicial and legislative branches of the power. On the other hand, entering of institute of presidency has pledged the beginning of process of national voting and selectivity of leaders of the Central Asia. And, thirdly, the presidency institute has filled with itself the original political vacuum formed at a transitive stage in connection with loss by Communist party of dominating positions in political, ideological and public spheres when new political parties, institutes and political culture of a society were not generated in steady formations (14). However from the very beginning  of entering of institute of presidency in Kyrgyzstan there were serious fears that in the conditions of absence of steady democratic traditions in region presidency can absorb too much power in the hands and regenerate in an authoritative mode. Experience of the third world during a postcolonial era has shown examples when authoritative persons monopolized the power, marganizat oppositional political parties, groups and the organizations, and also have effectively neutralized legislature and have established the authoritative mode  close by an absolute monarchy. In the Central Asia where traditionally powerful khans up to the twentieth century had the absolute power, these fears are not groundless. As marks A.Kurtov, in Kyrgyzstan during political and institutional reforms actual never in the imperial form put as real such problem how to create the effective mechanism of connection of the declared rights and freedom of the person and the citizen, institutes  of a civil society with activity of the higher imperious state institutes (15).

The political elite and the public in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in other republics of region, has appeared almost unprepared to decomposition of the USSR. Nevertheless, after 1991 for short term leaders of Kyrgyzstan have managed to consolidate the political base, to develop more or less clear program of social and economic reforms, to stabilize a political situation in republic and to lower heat of international conflicts. The given process passed not without internal contradictions and complications. Kyrgyzstan has gone on deep political and economic reforms which have allowed creating one of the most liberal political modes in the CIS and one of most deeply reformed and open economies on the post-Soviet territory.

The political leaders of Kyrgyzstan representing small 4,5-millionuju the central-Asian  republic, traditionally were on periphery of political processes of the USSR and have been never presented in the Soviet Political bureau. Foreign monolithic party nomenclature of Kyrgyzstan, as well as partnomenklatura any other republic USSR, has been broken into set of competing fractions, subordinated in steady enough  network nursing –klientelnyh relations (named sometimes clan). However one feature did this nursing system distinct from nursing systems of the European republics USSR. Traditionally in Kyrgyzstan were strong generational relations. The Kirghiz society from time immemorial existed as confederation of the numerous tribes divided into two large groupings, conditionally named southern and northern clan (16). These two clans in Soviet period traditionally competed among themselves for party and state posts in republic.

Ruling grouping entirely occupied with inner-party struggle practically did not pay attention  on dynamically changing political, economic and a social position in the republic, caused by the begun reorganization. Against such rivalry, the management could not orient in the situation connected  with the  arisen international conflict in the summer of 1990 in the south of republic (the Osh events). In the autumn of 1990, being afraid of strengthening of the democratic opposition which have received serious encouragement from democratic circles in Moscow, and aspiring to strengthen the personal positions, conservative leaders of Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan have decided to take a radical political step and to lead presidency institute.  As a result elections unexpectedly for all the politician, the president of Academy of Sciences of the country  has won little-known at that time 46-year-old Askar Akaev using then the greatest trust of different levels of population (17).

Before the newly elected president of Kirghizia there was a challenge. It had narrow base from  democratic the constructed members of the parliament, the moderately nationalist adjusted elite and representatives of young generation of the nomenclature. It was resisted by the powerful device of Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan, having almost unlimited influence at all levels of the power and ready to give serious battle to the president of republic and to return unexpectedly lost positions in political arena. However in Kyrgyzstan all participants of political  process (winners and won) did not begin to challenge election results the armed way.  In the program of actions the president has emphasized creation democratic, a pluralistic society and liberally- democratic multi-party political system, also it has proclaimed a rate on deep reforming and liberalization of economy of republic, transition to market – the focused economy. Military putsch in August, 1991 in Moscow which failure has led to the announ-cement of Communist Party of Kirghizia in August, 1991 temporarily out of the law became one of the most serious testing of the president in Kirghizia. Kirghizia has proclaimed itself sovereign and independent republic on August, 31 st, 1991 In October, 1991 the president has fixed and legitimate the positions through direct public voting which he has won on an uncontested basis, having received about 96% of votes (18). New political realities have been fixed in the Constitution from the May, 5 th, 1993, laid the foundation new political system. According to it the president has received large powers, could appoint the prime minister and members of the Constitutional court (with the consent of parliament), had the right to initiate new laws and to put a veto for decisions of a legislature of the power etc. the Power of the head of the state was balanced by enough large powers of parliament. In the first Constitution have found reflections as changes of the beginning of 90 th of the last century, and democratic reference points on which the management in realization of large-scale reforms should equal. The constitution of 1993 was the compromise document reflecting a real alignment of forces in a society. Formally it gravitated to the model combining elements of semi presidential and parliamentary republics (19).

President A.Akaev took, a rate on transformation of political system of the state in presidential republic of the French type with the strong presidential power giving reason for the given step necessity of consolidation  of the power for carrying out of radical economic reforms. On the other hand, was the rate on easing of parliament which has been selected in Soviet period and in which on the former members of parliament from Communist Party dominated is taken. Parliament dissolution in October, 1994 became logic end of this stage and early election in February, 1995-Such the decision has been justified from the point of view of liquidation of last political institute of the Soviet type, but was rather disputable step from the point of view of constitutionality. Instead of the dismissed unicameral parliament the parliament of two houses consisting of the 35-seater top and 70-seater lower chamber has been entered. The electoral system has been simultaneously changed, and the majority elective system is entered. The given step practically has excluded Communist Party of Kirghizia (which has been recovered in 1993) from active political strike and has deprived of its key role in republic political arena. Experts stated an essential victory of the president in political strike.

It is necessary to notice that A.Akaev has not followed the lead of the central-Asian colleagues who have extended the stay on a presidential post through a referendum (S.Nijazov in Turkmenistan, I.Karimov in Uzbekistan N.Nazarbaev In Kazakhstan). It has made courageous decision to propose the candidature on national elections in which result has been selected for the second term. These elections and carrying out in February, 1996 of the new referendum which considerably expanded powers of the Kirghiz president and has limited the power of parliament, have clearly shown the important changes which have occurred in political arena of republic. Have passed serious changes in the most former party nomenclature which was transformed from strict vertical hierarchy to amorphous enough political formation with strongly pronounced clan-tribe representation. And, at last, the given elections have shown evolution of the president which from radical democratically the adjusted head of the state was transformed to a centrist figure, having absorbed many requirements right (moderate nationalists and other groups). Thus, the last changes reflected as evolution of the political and economic program of the president, and presidency institute in Kyrgyzstan as a whole. On the one hand, with deterioration of an economic condition in a society the president has started to displace accents  from necessity construction of a democratic society on importance of consolidation of the last for realization of the economic program of a transition period, and also on radical economic reforms, mass privatization and a shock therapy recommended by World Bank and IMF. On the other hand, the balance of influence  between the president and parliament has changed. If it is primary, as a heritage of the former USSR, the presidency institute was balanced by strong parliament in which various political parties played the leading part confluence of time the president has headed for executive authority consolidation in the hands and on easing, both parliament, and various political parties. They have been excluded from decision-making process and marginalizm. As a whole, the Kirghiz Republic has not been subject to considerable shocks as even on the eve of independence acquisition by its head the nomenclature official has been appointed not, and the outstanding scientist, the person, minded on new, democratically adjusted which became at once the general favorite.

A.Akaev has managed to consolidate the nation, to accept a number of the decisions which have improved moods of the Russian-speaking population of republic. The accelerated rates had been accepted the acts promoting strengthening of legal base of the sovereign state. Thanks to it, many experts, and in particular western, considered the Kirghiz Republic as the most democratic state among the new independent states of  the post-Soviet territory. Developed it is national – an economic complex of the country,  the  investment climate improved. However owing to that the republic has lost the powerful sponsor on behalf of the Soviet Council, possibilities of fast improvement of welfare of its population were minimum. Analyzing the block of political aspects during the researched period of time, it is possible to draw a conclusion that in comparison with the central-Asian neighbor’s development of the Kirghiz Republic had stable, democratic and predicted character. Thus political process in the country was determined by difficult system of traditional and nonconventional relations. Political and social mobilization greater population parts went through channels regional – the breeding solidarity based on home-nursing of dependence of "bottoms" from "tops". This circumstance played not last role in forming of political and institutional design of the country.

Republic Tajikistan. One of the most important problems whom the Republic Tajikistan has faced after independence acquisition, – forming of the sovereign country with new type of the state board. Tajikistan, as well as other subjects of the USSR, has been involved in centrifugal processes 1986-1991 when constantly worn out and deeply concealed dream of national revival has started to acquire real lines, and became dominating decisions of problems of mutual relations of union republics. On August, 24 th, 1990 the second session of the Supreme body of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic the twelfth convocation has unanimously accepted the Declaration on the sovereignty of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. On September, 9 th, 1991 is faster after August putsch in Moscow at extraordinary session of the Supreme body of republic political-legal acts has been unanimously accepted: the Statement for the state independence of Republic Tajikistan, the Resolution of declarations of the state independence of Republic Tajikistan. These basic documents have essentially lifted level of legal fastening of the state independence. At session the law of changes in its Constitution also has been passed. According to this law the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic has received the new name – Republic Tajikistan. General for sovereignty Tajikistan was as well that anybody from them did not consider national specificity of statehood, political and ideological traditions. All of them were guided by external, "export" models of a state system. So-called "communists" wanted to keep an old Soviet system. Nationalist adjusted elite meant the uncertain ideal combining well-being of the full European  states, the Soviet system of social protection with the Iran’s idea of greatness and based on the Iranian model of a state system.

Muslims were guided by creation of the Islamic state under the sample of Iran or Saudi Arabia, but in ready more "a cruel" variant. Thus, as the basic carriers of idea of the sovereignty of the country the national humanitarian intelligence, a part of the former Soviet elite which has been put on preserving of a communistic mode in new Tajikistan acted, and the future oppositionists the Islamite’s, having for an object to construct the Islamic state. For all these groups absence of representations about an existing state of affairs in economic and political spheres of life of republic was general. The ruling elite of that time, as well as heads of other republics of the Union, practically did not represent the sizes of the collapse, comprehended is state adjustable economy, and bankruptcies of ideology dominating in the recent past. Moreover, the ruling Tajik elite never had real representation of states of affairs in economy and the politician in republic owing to the subordination of allied administration and availability in republic of considerable sector of the industry of allied submission. In September 1994 г. The Republic Tajikistan management has addressed in the United Nations with the request to consider the problem on granting to it of the status least a developed country.

According to published by the United Nations in 1994 to the report «Economic development», Tajikistan on quality of life of the population has fallen on 88 place in the world, on the lowest step among all former republics USSR. On November, 6th, 1994 the first Constitution of the independent country which has legitimized creation of sovereign Republic Tajikistan has been accepted However to state an is watered-legal estimation of essence, the maintenance and social function of this document it is impossible without the characteristic of a tragically, inconsistent situation which has developed at that time (20). In republic there was  a fierce civil war which has led to actual decomposition of the country. The beginning of civil war was preceded by hard-fought battle for the power between «old guards» – the home-nurse-economic nomenclature and a coalition of opposition parties and movements among which were revival Islamic party. Democratic Party of Tajikistan, national movement "Rostohez" ("Renaissance") and a society «Lali Badahshon». This struggle was developed in the conditions of revival of national and religious consciousness and simultaneously  a regionalism aggravation in Tajikistan. In our opinion, the principal cause of destabilization of conditions which have resulted,  finally,  to civil  war, consisted in inability of the authorities  to make  the decision and to lead to its execution. Change in 1990 г. The acting first secretary of the Central Committee of Communist  Party of Tajikistan K.Mahkamov on holding this post to it R.Nabiev, but already as the president of republic, only has worsened a public situation. R.Nabiev selected through national voting has not managed  to consolidate the Tajik nation. Republic law enforcement bodies stayed idle. There was a regional fragmentation not only elite and officials of the central authorities, but also workers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Committee of a homeland security and other bodies of the law and order of republic. The president, acting in a role of the guarantor of safety of the people, was powerless.

Besides, supporters of the candidate in presidents from the democratic block, the main opponent of R.Nabiev, could not reconcile with defeat on elections and by all possible methods interfered with normal  work of the elected president. As the reason for it the strong desire of the formed tandem Democratic Party has served – the revival Islamic party at any cost to grasp to keep the power in the hands, and also low both political culture and a brief experience of political strike of imperious elite. In process of conflict development in  republic  of  its  steel  to  perceive   and  publicly  to  represent   as  opposition   between   "democrats"   and «partokrats». In the beginning 1990 th the basic struggle was developed round questions on freedom of expression, freedom of public consolidations, in freedom of meetings round a problem of the state sovereignty. The first Tajik opposition parties (movement of "Rastohez", Democratic party and others) proclaimed first of all "anticommunist" slogans. All it occurred quite in the tideway of those events which at the same time took place in other regions of the former USSR. In the beginning of 1992 the conflict ripening gradually in Dushanbe has passed in the open form, and the chronology of events in Tajikistan was developed with kaleidoscopically speed. The contradictory forces which are holding a meeting in capital of the state, were divided into those who «acted with antigovernment slogans» (a meeting on the square of Shohidon – Martyrs), and those who «protected ostensibly the constitutional system» (a meeting on the square of Ozodi – Freedom). On May, 5 th, 1992 the presidential decree had been declared the state of emergency providing a prohibition of all political parties and meetings, and the curfew is entered into Dushanbe. However, the situation already left the control, there has come a complete paralysis of the power and the period of the decision of political problems military means. Since June, 1992 between the parties the armed conflicts acquiring more and more bloody and criminalized character have begun. As a result of fratricidal war development of Tajikistan has been rejected on decades ago. The Material damage, human losses, psychological and emotional traumas, was too great. War re-sults, by different estimations, are that: in 1992 and 1993 have been killed 50 thousand persons; 20 thousand wo-men remained widows, the quantity of orphans has crossed a 55-thousand mark; 900 thousand steel refugees and the forced immigrants; hundred thousand steel invalids, have lost supporters; it is destroyed more than 150 thou-sand apartment houses; the overwhelming part of intellectual elite has emigrated; the general economic damage is estimated more than 7

billion dollars; the external debt of republics has exceeded 800 billion dollars (22) Civil war was derivative of inability political societies to realize an essence of the main task which has become in front of Tajikistan at a Post-Soviet stage of its stories, – necessities of building national in character the new Tajik state, and to build the actions according to this task. Differently, it began derivative of inability  of these forces to select such model of Post-Soviet development which to the greatest degree would correspond to character of the named task and promoted its decision. War was a derivative and from such not palatable validity as that Tajikistan was and while continues to remain not only the subject, how many object of history, is more exact only than one of points where interests of contradictory forces of great powers face and geopolitical interests of these powers are crossed. Development of the Intra Tajik conflict was promoted also by general passivity of Russia, the traditional designer and the guarantor of safety of the Central Asia, along with unavailability of other new central-Asian states to play an independent role in provision of regional safety right after independence receptions. And, Moscow, and Tashkent nearest the neighbor took in Tajikistan of a position not only the detached onlooker, but, on the contrary supplied conflicting groupings with the weapon and ammunition until threat of destabilization of system of safety of region and escalation of the Tajik conflict by «dominoes principle» to all Central Asia obviously was not designated. Here pertinently to notice that in the new independent states the parts of the former Soviet Army billeted in their territories constituted a basis of their armies, and all military – the technical property has appeared at the disposal of these republics. For example, the army of independent Kazakhstan has been generated on the basis of Turkestan military district and from divisions of 40th army which management has been entered from Afghanistan in 1989 (23). Army of Uzbekistan has been created on the basis of the Central Asian military district. At the same time unlike neighbors in region in Tajikistan to the beginning of 1992 the control over property and arms has unduly passed to the Russian Federation. First of all it concerned to 201 motor-shooting divisions of the former Turkestan of military district, actual Military forming of the former USSR on territory of Turkestan have acquired the Russian status.

In many respects it has occurred because of unscrupulousness of the president of republic, after all it was accepted the State Council decision at Presidency of the USSR about transfer of the former Soviet military property of republic, many of which have not failed to perform it, and has nationalized property of the former Soviet Army. The Russian presence at the Central Asia has remained not contrary to existing then to the politician of an official Russian management, and is faster thanks to weakness  of traditional Tajik political elite. A political conflict in Tajikistan, one of the most backward republics of the former USSR, and degree of its bitterness have really forced Russia to keep and expand the presence at region so, and to play more important role in regional system of safety. The termination of war and overcoming of national split became the major condition of a survival of Tajikistan as the independent state, and Tajiks – as ethnos. Having realized this simple and cruel true, the confrontation parties have sat down to table the peace talks which have begun under the aegis of the United Nations on April, 5 th, 1994 and come to the end  on June, 27 th, 1997 signing of the general agreement about establishments of the world and achievements of the national consent, led line under five years' civil war (24).

To be understood to a kind of civil war political reforms in Tajikistan has begun much more lately, than in neighboring states and passed slow rates. Transformation of political system in the country went in parallel with settlement process between the Tajik conflicts and later. So by results of a referendum of 1999 amendments to the constitution about the right of citizens to consolidation and creation of political parties,

«including having democratic, religious and atheistic character» has been approved. These amendments have removed in all political parties and movements in the prohibition imposed by the Supreme body of the country in 1992 In 1999 all legalized political batches have joined in pre-election struggle in a presidential armchair. On parliamentary elections in 2000 from 6 political parties (including early prohibited Democratic batches and Islamic batches raised) only 3: the People's democratic batch, Communist party and revival Islamic party could break five percentage barriers and be a part of parliament. Thus, a multi-party system in republic became, a reality certain transformation all branches of the power have undergone. The executive authority heads the President is implemented through the governments and local bodies. The legislature is presented by Parliament-mazhelisi Oli consisting of two chambers – mile and Mazhilisi Mazhilis namoyndagon. Judicial authority the Constitutional court, and the Supreme court, the Higher economic court, Military court, Court of mountain-Badahshanvsky autonomous region (GBAO) perform, courts of other areas of a city of Dushanbe, cities and areas, economic court GBAO, economic courts of other areas and a city of Dushanbe.

Republic Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan has received the state independence on October, 28 th, 1991 as a result of a national referendum. The country constitution it is accepted on May, 18 th, 1992 According to the Constitu-tion Turkmenistan – democratic legal Soviet the states possessing leadership and completeness of the power on all the of territories, independently conducts internal and foreign policy. The state board is performed, in the form of presidential republic the principle of division of the authorities on legislative, executive and judicial acts.

The higher public official of Turkmenistan the head of the state and the executive authority – the President. The first president of the country selects on October, 21 st, 1990 S.Niyazov. It is necessary to notice that it has the wide experience of work on administering posts in comparison with leaders of other central-Asian  countries. S.Niyazov's political career has begun in 80-s' years when it has received a post of the first secretary of the Ashkhabad city town committee of Communist Parties of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (CPT). In January 1990 г. The first secretary of Central Committee CRT Niyazov has been selected by the chairman  of the Supreme body of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic and later in 1990 on uncontested elections – the President. In Turkmenistan there is some legislature specified constitutions. The first of them Medzhlis (parliament) – constantly acting a legislature of Turkmenistan, responsible acceptance of presidential laws. Consist of 50 deputies selected on 5 years on the basis of general equal and a direct suffrage at secret voting. Three times – the higher representative body of people's power of Turkmenistan Halk Maslahaty (national council). According to the Constitution of Turkmenistan, Halk Maslahaty consists of 2 parts: Elective; representing public officials. The elective part - 60 national representatives (Halkbekkerili) – is selected the people at the rate of one national representative from everyone administratively – territorial unit members of national council about an official sign is: the President deputies of Medzhlisa, members of the cabinet of the minister, the representative of the Supreme court, the general public prosecutor, heads local administrations velayats (areas) archince – mayors of municipal unions.

The competence of national council includes consideration of the major questions of sociopolitical, economic and international character. In conformity with amendments from December, 29 th, 1999 to powers of National council it is carried also acceptance languages of change of Constitutions (item 50 item). Besides  to it the competence of National council enters: formation Central selective the commissions on elections and carrying out of referenda; carrying out of national referenda; the organization of the control  and supervision over elections; development of recommendations about the based directions of economic, social, political development; changes of frontier of Turkmenistan and administrative – territorial division of the country; ratification and denouncement of agreements and on the interstate unions and other  formations;  announcements of a state of war and the world; other questions carried to its entering the Constitution and  laws. Thus, powers of the higher representative body of people's power of Turkmenistan testifies that, Halk Maslihata as truly mark, the professor V.E. Chirkin represents realization of the unparliamentarily form of legislative activity (25). Some consider this institute as absolutely new phenomenon, limiting created in the country is authoritative – a totalitarian mode and replaced parliament (Medjilis). Really, Halk Maslahaty, possessing the basic volume of function and power at the expense of parliament, in many respects weakens Medzhlis as legislature. Such approach halves legislature functions and by that weakens its influence on executive structures and, first of all, on the president and the governments. All vital decisions for the country first of all were brought for discussion and approval of Halk Maslahaty and only, then with recommendations of this structure were transferred to the signature to the president. The third body – the Sanhedrim – gathers as required and includes leaders of Turkmen tribes and heads of regional administrations. Main the named higher representative bodies the president of the country acts. Judicial authority in the country cannot influence other because of the authorities; cancel decisions of the president, Halk Maslahaty and contradicting mejilis the Organic law as, according to the Constitution, judicial authority does not possess function of the constitutional control. This circumstance completely formalizes existence of the third branch of the government in the country. And absence in the country of the Constitutional court (it is not provided in the new Constitution) completely removes executive and legislative branches of the power from under the law control that proved to be true time and again last years. For example, prolongation of powers of the president, cancellation of  elections contrary to rates of the Constitution etc. During the considered period in sphere of the state building  of Turkmenistan there were changes. In particular, amendments have been made to the legislation on elections: an election in Halk Maslahaty (on December, 6 th 1992 г was twice held, on April, 5 th 1998  г.).On December, 11 th 1994 г. And on December, 12 th 1999 г. Elections in Medzhlis have taken place. Besides, on June, 27 th 1993 г. And on April, 5 th 1998 г. An election in Gengeshi – local government bodies in which result it is formed 619 local government bodies consisting of 10319 members is held (26) After accepting new Constitutions repeated presidential elections of Turkmenistan on which S.Nijazov by a majority of votes has received again the mandate of national trust on June, 21 st, 1992 have taken place. On January, 15 th, 1994 the national referendum of prolongation of powers of President TurkmenistanaS is held. Niyazov for 5 years without elections. With 1992 г. Constitution-legal practice included joint sessions of Halk Maslihaty and Mazhilis. To it, for example, testifies the sessions of Halk Maslihaty which have been conducted in 1992-1999

Decisions of Halk Maslihaty and Mazhilis from December, 27-29 th 1999 г. Serious changes and additions are made to the Constitution of For example, the Constitutional law of Turkmenistan from December, 28 th 1999 г. The exclusive right is given the first President of Turkmenistan S.Nijazovu (Saparmuratu Turkmenbashi) the right to be "the eternal president of Turkmenistan" is performed powers of the head of the state without restriction of terms. Has been specified as well the top age limit of the candidate on a post of the president. According to innovations. "The president of Turkmenistan the citizen of Turkmenistan can be not younger than 40 years and is not more senior 70 years». Socially-political also it is social-economic conditions in Turkmenistan as, however, and its foreign policy, it is caused by a number characteristic only for the separate states of factors. Main from them a principle of authoritativeness of system of the government. Being under the Constitution the chief executive. The president of the country S.Nijazov aspires to administer personally over all spheres of life of a society that practically excludes participation of heads of the ministries and other official bodies in the decision of political and economic problems even at the lowest level. The analysis of internal policy of S.Nijazova testifies that actions of the president are directed on an embodiment to life of the strongly pronounced nationalist installations, called to strengthen, first of all, a mode of a personal authority of Turkmenbashi. These installations have found expression in official ideology under the name "ideology of Turkmenbashi". The basic aspects of the given ideology had obviously absurd character (the divine origin of the president, its indispensability and eternity), have been directed on total suppression of the initiative of citizens (unacceptability of the political initiative, pluralism of opinions) and on complete isolation the population of the country from world around (a support on internal resources, unacceptability of experience of developed countries for the republic population). For the first time years of independence of S.Nijazov behaved carefully, acted with caution on the environment, considered moods of retired appointees, Turkmen scientific and creative elite S.Nijazova's main weapon in government is use of system of controls and counterbalances. In first seven years of independently existence of Turkmenistan, the

majority of heads of the ministries, departments and provinces it was replaced on the third and more to a circle. The president appointed the ministries temporarily, for a period of half a year-year. The reason of such fast turnover of staff in the top management consists that S.Nijazov stayed in fear that in its environment there can be an applicant for a role of the new head of the state. In 1992 one of sessions of the government he has declared that never will appoint the vice-president of the Turkman. The first years of independent development of the country (the period with 1992 for 1996) are characterized by opposition between authors and conductors of official ideology, on the one hand, with active and passive opponents of this ideology – with another. At  once it is necessary to notice that struggle not have character of open collision though  had  serious consequences for opponents of a mode in the form of reprisals, arrests, emigration from the country, and also for image of the country on international scene. At that time scale character was carried by propagation. Installations of "ideology of Turkmenbashi" extended by means of all mass media available in the country, forms evident propagandas – posting of slogans, portraits, an establishment of busts of the president, renaming of streets, settlements etc. were used (27).

During the Soviet period all political power in the country belonged to Communist Party of Turkmenistan. In December 1991year it has been transformed to Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT).In the beginning  of 1992 the Country party of Turkmenistan has been created. Its tasks included protection of interests of peasants, farmers and agricultural workers, and also rural elite (doctors, veterinary surgeons, teachers, and engineers), creation of free economy, upholding of the rights of peasants on the processed earths and their inheritance. This unique opposition party takes of passive enough position in the country. Opposition parties and movements Turkmenistan (National movement of "Agzybirlik", a democratic development Batch, social- democratic party of Turkmenistan, the Batch of national freedom, a justice Batch and Fund "Turkmenistan") are under a ban. The Batch of Islamic revival and conservative Islamic political party have been prohibited  also. Thus, political life in the country is created on activity only one party – the Democratic party of Turkmenistan headed by S.Niyazov. Clearly that its present political role is brought to naught, it as though typing the decisions brought by Turkmenbashi. Thus, being guided by the statement of the president that the society is not ready to entering of multi-party system, the authorities rigidly bar any actions directed on origin of party opposition. Naturally, the leading part is played here by power structures: NSC, the  Ministry of Internal Affairs and other similar organizations. Of S.Nijazov's their work observes with special attention. For the sake of justice it is necessary to notice that in the whole S.Nijazov does not deny probability of creation in the remote prospect of a multi-party system. However does the reservation that programs of new batches  should be directed exclusively on support of an existing mode, but not on confrontation with it. Only in that case they can be registered as the political organizations. Answering the ordinary criticism about absence of multi-party system and opposition in Turkmenistan. Sapamurat Niyazov in the recent lecture before  Ashkhabad students has noticed that «society development itself creates the new parties, the contradictory parties» but while it «yet has not reached this level» (28). In many public statements of Turkmenbashi has repeatedly noticed that in the course of all transition period of development in the country it is necessary social and economic reform (in particular market) and democratic transformations will inevitably lead to an absolute impoverishment of the population, to chaos of a particular, underlined that «to play, in democracy it is not allowed to anybody». At first should earn laws, and democracy will come by itself. Any attempts to push Turkmenistan to untimely radical measures of socioeconomic character run counter with national interests of the country which have selected own way of development. The country leaders did not hide availability of the control over all spheres of ability to live of citizens including over elections in controls, mass media, but motivated the actions by features of national character of the Turkmen people. President S.Nijazov, describing features of an internal political situation in the country, noticed that its policy «is based on Turkmen national traditions, mentality of the people and directed on that all institutes of democracy organically developed on a bass of a basic principle of freedom of the person – its rights to a private property». As a whole Turkmenistan is the example of building of democratic society most inconsistent and at the same time interesting to the researcher on the post-Soviet territory. It is difficult not to notice opposite character of estimations of formed political system Turkmenistan. On the one hand, we observe the typical totalitarian state with an one-party system, the dominating monoideology, leaning against the repressive device at government. So, the decision of Halk Maslahaty in the country had been cancelled elections of the head of the state. Authorities have publicly declared that will not admit occurrence of alternative political parties and the free press. Since 1992 year, in all annual reports of the international human rights organizations repressive character of a political mode in the country, absence of the transformations directed on liberalization of political life of a society was  marked.  Thus such characteristic of a political mode is based not on superficial and extraneous observations, and on the concrete  facts  which  take  place  in the country.  According to report  Amnesty  International,  in 1992  г.   In Turkmenistan 110 death sentences have been taken out; in 1993 г. – 114; in 1994 г. – 126. Any of these sentences not was subsequently it is excellent under the appeal or it is softened by the president, and to the middle 1995 г. All of them have been carried out (29). On the other hand, Turkmenistan is represented  the state which has selected such model of social development which leans against traditions of the people. Such inconsistent picture does not allow estimating unequivocally character and an orientation of the political processes occurring in this country. Thus, the maintenance of political processes can be estimated unequivocally. The political policy of the official power is directed on creation of monoideologies and on provision of its legitimacy. Thus the power is guided not by rates of democracy and pluralism, and certain

«features of national character and will Turkmen nation». Dynamics of political processes shows that pledged  in «ideology of Turkmenbashi» the purposes were reached by carrying out of scale reprisals, isolation of the population from world around and manipulation with rates of laws in force or their ignoring. In the foreign policy from the beginning of 90 th of the last century a priority as in political, and the economic relation Turkmenistan gave Turkey that has caused its active penetration into economic sphere, basically in building of inhabited, palace buildings, hotels and a capital accomplishment. Then trade and formation have run into dependence. After transition of Turkmenistan to a Latin, missionary cares of Turkey became especially appreciable: in Turkmenistan has opened more than twenty Turkish schools in which have possibility to study not all Turkmen children, and children rich the Turkmen. In the sphere of education active sending of students in HIGH SCHOOLS and average study-technical institutions for from 2 till 4th years also has been organized, including military and religious institutes. Besides, in some Turkmen ministries Turkish experts work on posts of assistants to ministers. Has reached even that by the ambassador of  Turkmenistan  in the USA Turkish citizen Halil Ugur has been appointed. Turks directly made essential impact on accepting of those or other important economic decisions.

Republic Uzbekistan. An internal political intra economic situation in Uzbekistan at the moment of disintegration of the USSR were characterized by watching factors:

  • the highest among other states population region that has led to excess working forces which, in turn, has generated sets of problems of the social character, resulted certain instability in a society;
  • a heritage of the Soviet power. Favorite Brezhnev and one of «strong people» the Political bureau of Central Committee KPSO of S.Rashidov, the first secretary of Communist Party of Uzbekistan has achieved creation in republic of several industrial centers. Uzbekistan by the time of wreck of the USSR was uniform republican in region which possessed certain industrial and agricultural potential, though also Soviet, that is the extremely inefficient sample. The republic also has Rural an economy (30). During the considered period social instability sharply grew in Uzbekistan, and typed scope the various movements which have declared still in publicity and reorganization. It is necessary to notice that in the late eighties in many republics of the former USSR, using easing of the central power, there were the first informal groups which part subsequently have turned to the powerful political oppositional organizations.

In Uzbekistan in the end of 1988 two large organizations resisting to a mode acted: national movement "Birlik" ("Unity"), the first oppositional structure in republic, and a batch "Erik" ("Freedom"). First "Birlik"   has supported the nature, spiritual and material assets of Uzbekistan. But soon movement has undergone prompt evolution; I descend from that that passed with the similar organizations in other republics USSR. Ecology problems have been pushed on boondocks of program documents, and on the foreground political slogans have acted. Leaders of movement have made following demands:

  • to pass the law on the state status of the Uzbek language;
  • seriously to be engaged in the decision urgent environmental problems;
  • to liquidate cotton mono cultural rural an economy;
  • to conduct the further democratization of political

Gradually "Birlik" was transformed movement for national revival of Uzbeks that, certainly, struck at the rights of other people of multinational republic. In 1989-1990 of "Birlik" has organized some meetings and democracies which were accompanied by mass riots. Leaders of movement careless unreasoned  meeting and an informal press were excited by actions by public statements by articles the population. As the result, in 1989 and Uzbekistan has felt 1990 two cruel shock – a wave of pogroms Turkmen and the international conflict in Osh between Uzbeks and Kirghiz. August putsch of 1991 and followed after this prompt disintegration of Soviet Union have accelerated an outcome of opposition of the power and opposition. On September, 1 st, 1991 Uzbekistan has proclaimed independence. In November, 1991 on the basis of "the self-dismissed" Communist party of Uzbekistan (KPY) it is created It is national-democratic a batch of Uzbekistan (NDPY) Having kept organizational structures KPY, new "party in power" keeps party committees actual on all production objects, and since 1992 of the beginning builds the work on a territorial principle, being based мahalla. Fraction NDPU in parliament provided to it overwhelming majority at decision-making (32 deputies from 500). On the other hand, it is already perfect a new, national batch on character. From 800 thousand members CPY in it remains to less third. It is easy, as something purely external, the communistic ideology  has been rejected. Legitimating of the power of elite has been based on ideology of the state independence and national revival of Uzbeks. In December, 1991 in Uzbekistan has taken place public presidential election on which about overwhelming advantage I.Karimov holding during that moment a post of the first secretary of Central Committee KPU has won. It has fixed the position by Constitution accepting on December, 8 th, 1992 according to which the president is the head of the state and the head of the executive authority (as the chairman of Cabinet council) (31). On the basis of the accepted Organic law in Uzbekistan there was a presidential republic with the higher state representative body – Oly Mazhilis. Opposition between a management of republic and leaders of opposition amplified. Opponents of the president charged I.Karimov of authoritarianism. The batch "Erik" has supported a private property on the earth and the accelerated liberalization to economy on the basis of the Polish model. And the management of Uzbekistan has developed and followed other policy - evolutionary reforming of economy, gradual liberalization of the prices.  Distinctions in tactics have led to opposition growth between the country leaders and opposition.

I.Karimov's government undertook all possible at that time measures for strengthening of the power. According to a management of Uzbekistan to recover an order, to keep stability, the world and safety it was possible, only having struck on large opposition parties, as it has been begun in 1992 In March, 1993 there was a Resolution of Cabinet council of republic about an obligatory re-registration of all political parties, and movements in the Ministry of Justice. It actually meant prohibition of independent political movements about which almost all republics by then knew. Skillfully playing contradictions between batches and forcing conditions round ethnic conflicts of the nationalist slogans pushed by the oppositional organizations creating threat, the country leaders could undermine prestige of these movements among the republic population. On such sad note in republic the first stage of formation of multi-party system also will end. Despite a straight line of continuity of elite, is conservative-authoritative the mode of the presidential power generated in independent Uzbekistan, essentially differs from a patriotic oligarchic mode of the Soviet period. Though it is formal PDPU was party in office, it, of course, did not supervise in complete sense neither political, nor the economic power.

Its influence is non- comparable to the past omnipotence CRU. For Karimov PDPU was only one of forming tools in republic of a mode of the strong presidential power. Having occupied key positions in political system of republic, the president thereby has found relative independence of structures NDPU. It also has been fixed in the Constitution in which to be underlined that «on behalf of the people of Uzbekistan Oly Mazhlis selected it and the President of republic can act only. No part of a society, political party, public consolidations, movement or the separate persons can speak on behalf of a name of the people of Uzbekistan» (32). From 1991 till 1993 in republic three batches and one political movement functioned: the successor of Communist party  of  Uzbekistan «Vatan тaccati», «Fatherland Progress»), democratic party" Эrк "and movement of "Birlik"Is national-democratic party of Uzbekistan, «In the end of 1993 two last have ceased the activity, and thus for some time in republic the bipartite system which has been changed in first half 1995 г which became a new stage in forming of multi-party system of the country was established. There was social-democratic party "Адолат" ("Justice"), democratic party «Milly тикланиш» («National revival») and movement «Халык бирлиги» («National unity»). In 1996 In republic the Law on the political parties has been passed, pledged multi-party system with a submission to control of activity of all future batches to the Ministry of Justice which reserves the right to watch that activity of a batch was not beyond the current legislation and corresponded to Constitution positions. The authoritative mode carried out a considerable historical task: suppressing opposition and providing socially-political stability, it has given to ex-communistic national elite possibility to adapt in post - imperial conditions, gradually to privatize state property which it managed in days of a communistic mode. Within the limits of stability offered by an authoritative mode at Ex-nomenclatures there were a chance to learn to manage a society, the state and economic by means of other mechanisms (33).

Rough events on a boundary of 80-90th of the last century of many have intimidated, have confused, have generated steady hostility of the population to public work any kind. All it was caught on traditionally respectful relation of Uzbeks to the strong power and inertia of rural weight of the population. Supporting at the beginning such some kind of managed multi-party system; the power was solved thereby at once by some tasks: attraction of active levels of population to strengthening of the social base, assistance to forming of a civil society. In business of modernization of a society to ruling circles of republic essential support renders мahalla – the traditional form of local self-government. Change of traditions form of ruling class became a component of political reforms. Besides reforms of the former party in office this process included increase of prestige of public service, training of students abroad, a gradual withdrawal from a clan principle in matching of shots. Reforms carried out in Uzbekistan have mentioned various political life of the country, including such phenomenon as clannishness. Clans in Uzbekistan were generated with old times on the basis of a territorial generality of an origin. The clannishness in Uzbekistan differs from clannishness in Kazakhstan and  Azerbaijan. In Kazakhstan clans are generated on a principle, however in the given republic this phenomenon practically coincides with concept flaternity, and the person of other nationality, as a rule, cannot be the clansman. In Uzbekistan the Kashkardarinskii clans differ Samarkand (samarkandsko-Bukhara), Tashkent, Fergana. Their basis in the past was constituted by local economic-political elite of concrete region. Despite  the social shocks caused, with wreck by the Russian empire and formation of the USSR clans have remained, and continued to remain the major factor of internal policy. Their influence has amplified in 50-70 th of the twentieth century after representative’s national technical, creative and scientifically intelligence began to be involved in strengthening by republic. I.Karimov has come to power in June, 1989 as a result of the compromise between elite of clans. Then I.Karimovu's support I.Dzhurabekov, the native of known and well- founded family has rendered, long time worked with S.Rashidovym, occupy to the end of 1980th steady positions in a management of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.

From the very beginning I.Karimov post of the head has headed for balance maintenance between us. Representatives of clan elite had an opportunity to put the energy and to implement interests in economy and business sphere. In Uzbekistan conditions for legalization of their capitals have been created. Along with this I.Karimov gradually began to conduct a strategic line on gradual influence  of a clannishness  on position has put to the country. In the state the special personnel selection provided regular rotation of government officials in the centre and on places is conducted. Thus, with it do not allow to stand, and to acquire strong business acquaintances, doubtful obligations, and criminal communications. Thus it is necessary to notice that in Uzbekistan there is no civil service law that the state is good for clans under the authority of own shots in all public structures. The major basic durability of the presidential power in Uzbekistan that to a mode was possible to create in new conditions the mechanism of consolidations Uzbek the nations was. I.Karimov in the personnel selection not only used parity of leading clans of forces (the Fergana elite, Tashkent, Samarkantsoj, Kashkadarinsoj groupings), but also near a reshuffle of shots from various regions of republic in one  of  internal policy principles. On service the state is not present more samarkands and fergands, there are only Uzbeks. 

CONCLUSION

In summary it is necessary to notice that, as a result of disintegration of the USSR on a world political scene left at once five independent Central Asian states. Each of sovereign Post-Soviet republics of the Central Asia has started democratization process of public and political life, building and strengthening of bases of national statehood. Thus process of democratic transit passed the plan in them differently. In a transition period of the state of the Central Asia, as well as other CIS countries faced the big complexities. Forming of democratic institutes here has begun by use of the western experience that has been for ever applied to the central-Asian states characterized by other, "east" level civil of development. Was considered that for the first time years of independence the neoteric states were transitive systems. It was thus noticed that it «transition from totalitarianism to democracy». Some experts even have specified: «through an authoritarianism stage». In the new independent states for the first time years of the sovereignty started the  constitutional  reforms; practical steps on hardening of a vertical of the executive authority have been undertaken. Were exposed to change and basic elements of political system – the states, political batches  and movement.  So, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, since 1993-1995, have gradually made transition from is formal-parliamentary system of the Soviet type to system of presidential republic with important domination presidential  power.  In  Uzbekistan and Tajikistan from first days of independence the head of the state also was also the chief executive. In Turkmenistan the right the lifelong country leaders is presented the president. In republics the professional parliament, has been generated by characteristic feature which became two-chamber structure also, and also  the multi-party system principle was implemented except for Turkmenistan. Origin practical in all republics regions of the strong presidential power is caused not only business factors (necessity of radical reorganization of the industry, dualism overcoming for agrarian sector etc.), but also by requirements of national elite was consolidated, to carry out privatization and to fix thereby the influence in the conditions of new, capitalist system of social development. As a whole it is possible to notice that during the considered period process of political transit passed in the region countries differently. Almost in all states it was  established  so-called model of "east authoritarianism» in one in the big degree and others – smaller. The democratization most developed in questions there was a Kirghiz Republic.

 

 

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