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Legitimation of Kazakhstan’s political power in the context of the political system modernization processes

Intensive modernization processes taking place in Kazakhstan have updated the issue of the legitimization of existing as well as newly-created institutions. The legitimization of the political power is of special importance. It is represented by intensifying the authority of the Parliament and the consolidation of the role and functions of political parties. These political institutions are able to maintain internal unity of the country, what is, in fact, its internal legitimacy.

The occurrence of the modern political process shows, that every model of government should  mature  in the depths of society itself that different approaches to understanding the legitimization of power exist in countries with different levels of civilized development. We need joint efforts of government and society to respond adequately to the challenges of folding time. The modernization of the post-Soviet area is determined not only by political will and economic  decisions, as the possibility of social adaptation to it. In our opinion  this is the legitimacy, which is manifested in the positive evaluation, the public acceptance of authority, recognition of its right to manage and consent to obey. Legitimate power is associated with the presence of the authority of government and its matched value concepts of the majority of citizens, consensus of society on the fundamental political values.

Modernization of all aspects of Kazakhstan's society makes it necessary to giving legitimize to the existing and newly created institutions. The collapse of totalitarianism caused necessity of the formation of political institutions, communicating the different actors of society. This led to the actualization of legitimation of the political power in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

This is due to the fact that the processes of modernization in the new independent states caused search for their own development model, the creation of institutes, which can maintain internal unity of the country, internal legitimacy of power structures.

This article analyzes the legitimation of the political power in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the political system modernization.

The process of legitimation of the Republic of Kazakhstan relates to the transfer of authority from the society to his particular organization- the state and its structures. State of the Republic of Kazakhstan remains specificity, like all post-Soviet republics. It usually includes different formed corporate-distribution of socio- political structure and uses the traditional subsystem of relations (communal, caste, tribal, clan, etc.).  Incessantly reproduced symbiosis of government and partly transforming elite groups is extremely difficult for modernization. However, it should be noted, that the legitimate state power in Kazakhstan  implements  strategic progress toward democracy and generates an algorithm of democratic reforms, being in a competitive political area. "Internal content of the political transformation should be considered not as a transition of the political system to a completely new level in the direction of its liberalization, as well as a its adaptation form to happened intra-societal environmental changes, which are characterized by a partial regression toward the resuscitation of patriarchal political ties based on the institutions of clan politics, parochialism, patron-client Interaction".

The efficiency of every political system is determined by the availability of basic institutions, which  provide social reproduction and the socialization process. The main problem of post-Soviet Kazakhstan is the so-called "anticipatory institutionalization." Virtually all political institutions do not exist  as institutions,  as well as offices. It turns out that, formally, we have a parliament, but do not have a truly representative government, or we have parties, but do not have a party system. Corporate-distribution type of social  orientation of the individual, social oppression and creative passivity of many segments of the population, their lack of legal culture or a specific "non-Western" understanding of it and prevalence inherited from the past set of traditional views are the direct result of conservation of such features of statehood.

In Kazakhstan the process of modernization of the political system is implemented in the following directions. First, it is the enhanced functional powers of the Parliament. Second, the development and strengthening political power role and its functions. Third, it is the development of civil society, the creation of political institutions, which can maintain internal unity of the country, its internal legitimacy.

Changing social structure in Kazakhstan is accompanied by tangible political, economic and social turmoil, searching and testing various development options. The political system is in the incessant development, gradually moving toward the formation of civil society. Statistics of the political development of Kazakhstan is a sovereign dynamic. Constitution was adopted twice (one constitutional crisis), parliamentary elections were held six times, there were two parliamentary crisis (the parliament was dissolved twice), the government was replaced eight times, presidential elections were held twice. In May 2008 the transition from presidential to a presidential-parliamentary form of government was proclaimed on the basis of changes in the Constitution of Kazakhstan. Firstly, the political processes led power structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the need to address both the traditional and new sources to provide necessary support for its operation. It has contributed   to the expansion of political area, against which political power is exercised. Simultaneously a variety of political solutions were developed and adopted in a short time. Secondly, it should be noted that under the present conditions of development of Kazakhstan international community plays a significant role. This community reacts sensitively to the transformations that occur in the country, and puts the provision of different support indirectly dependent on the extent to which level of the authorities conform to standards of legitimacy by that community, without taking into account the internal features of the country.

Political power creates the conditions for the consolidation of civil society and in some cases just does not interfere with these processes, because they mature only in people's daily lives, just from everyday experience. "Political modernization is increasing the ability of the political system adapts to new patterns of  social purpose incessantly and successfully and to create new types of institutions provided not only control over resources, but also the channels for effective dialogue between government and public" [1].

This means formation an entirely new political system, the creation of civil society, the availability of the media and political rivalry between different political parties. In economics, this is the formation of market relations, economic industrialization.

Stages of post-Soviet transformation of Kazakhstan's society are also stages of legitimation of political power in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 1990, Kazakhstan is looking for an effective form of government, construction of the political system. This process isn't the single event. Construction of the political system is incessant renewed, representing the consensus of society with the principles, norms and institutions of the established political system. Therefore, modernization should be based on the recognition, acceptance and support of the population. This kind of recognition and support enhances level of the legitimacy.  In  Kazakhstan the construction and operation of centralized and concentrated state power passed from 1991 to 2001. Gradual work on the decentralization of deconcentration of state power began since 2001.

The legitimacy of the government largely depends on the perfect forms of rule. Model of a presidential republic led the country out of post-Soviet economic and political chaos. M.Kasymbekov notes that "…the system interrelation and interaction between the president and the legislative, executive and judicial branches  of government is not a frozen construction of power. It shows a high level of ability to adapt and improve, in connection with the requirements of time [2].

In Kazakhstan, as a transitional period, it became necessary to change the presidential form of government towards a serious consolidation of the role of representative government. Transition from the presidential and presidential-parliamentary form of government was made on the basis of changes in the Constitution of Kazakhstan. There are the transfer of certain powers of the Head of State Parliament,  the redistribution  of some authority in favor of the duties and responsibilities of Parliament.

Its known, that parliament as a specific socio-political, legal institution have to realize the interests of various sectors and groups of society, develop a common will of the people. However, the Kazakh parliament has not grasped their function yet due to the fact that Kazakhstan parliament is a relatively new institution in the political system of Kazakhstan society. The concept of "parliament" was officially approved in 1995 the Constitution, the transition from the "Soviet" model of parliament to the new model started just then.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Parliament consists of two chambers: the Senate and the Majilis, acting on a permanent basis.

Further evolution of the Institute of parliamentarism in Kazakhstan is a part of the presidential system of government. In May 2007 changes and amendments to the Constitution became a new stage in the further modernization of political and legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which means the strengthening of the role and authority of representative government. Constitutional amendments aimed at further democratization and political modernization of the country, regardless of their point character. Legitimacy of Parliament extended to the entire political system, it is due to the fact that the quality of the legislative acts affects the legitimacy of the legislative branches. Constitutional changes in 2007  provided  the  necessary powers  of  the  legislative  branch,  represented  by  the  Parliament,  to  create  a  legal  framework  for further development of society. The formation of parliamentary traditions, which in Kazakhstan was not in the past, and the legitimation of state power independent of Parliament, from his productive legislative activity.

Consolidation of the political weight and authority of representative bodies mean more in the role of political parties and the Majilis (lower house of parliament). Party box is a huge layer of civil society, which is in Kazakhstan, and virtually all post-Soviet states, is in a state of permanent form, experiencing the endless series of changes, and even decay. The party expresses such fundamental principles of democracy as political pluralism, representation, election, functioning of the legislative and executive power is ensured by the parties. The parliamentary elections in 1999, 2004, 2012 presidential elections in 1999, 2005, 2011 had a significant impact on the development of the party system of the republic. The past years of independence have shown the movement of party construction toward the formation of a multiparty system with a dominant party which is capable for a long time to ensure a successful reform of the country.

The merger of four pro-presidential political parties under the auspices of the “Otan” party in one political party "NurOtan" was held in 2006. NurOtan party, having a majority in the representative bodies at all levels and effective organizational vertical, transforms into a serious and a monolithic political power. One of the major advantages of the party is that the authoritative and capable of public works community leaders, mayors of areas represented in it. The party has the most extensive organizational structure: 16 branches, 220 offices, 9 809 primary Party organizations in virtually all areas and major towns. The Party implements a  great  legislative work in Parliament. Seven committees Majilis in charge of  various  aspects of the political, social and economic life continuously operate there. The main feature of the party “NurOtan” its positioning as a party of Kazakhstani people. The main advantage of the leading party "NurOtan" is a program of socio- economic development, which essentially is a government program of action. In fact, the party "NurOtan" ideologically and organizationally fills a niche all of the existing power hierarchy. In this case, the main difference between the ideology of «NurOtan» is its positioning as the party of all Kazakhs. Seven out of ten registered political parties participated in elections to the Majilis in 2007, but only the People's Democratic Party "NurOtan" took place in Parliament. The present situation of one party created a conceptual and ideological vacuum, which negatively affected the state mechanism and society. Subsequent actions of power structures indicate the possibility of creating a legal mechanism to form a parliament with the participation of at least two parties. According to added paragraph 1-1, article 97-1 of the law “On Elections” the second most voted party goes to Majilis, even if it won’t be able to overcome the seven percent barrier. For example, amendments to the Law "On political parties" involve facilitation of formation and registration of political parties, reducing the quantitative qualification from 50 to 40 thousand people, regional qualification respectively, from 700 to 600 people. Deadline for registration of the Party increased from two to four months. Amendments, saving 7% threshold for parties in the lower house of parliament, guarantee getting of the  second installment in the Majilis in any electoral factors.

In Jan. 15, 2012 parliamentary elections were held, involving seven parties. In the parliament passed three parties. This is the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan"Democratic Party "Ak Jol", the Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan. Thus, the republic was formed multi-party parliament with an absolute dominance of the National Democratic Party "Nur Otan".

Past elections earlier this year marked a number of political motives. First, it has become a landmark in the development of Kazakhstan's democracy, as happened updated Majilis and the government. These elections were the second in the history of the republic when the voters voted for a platform of political parties, not celebrities. In – the second, became a multi-party Parliament Majilis. Thus, the country institutionalized parliamentary opposition, in other words, foundation of parliament political weight increasing mechanism has started. The strategic question is maturing social foundations of the formation of two-party  system.  This process could not be speed up. In this case, it should be emphasized that the election of 2012 is only a step toward bipartisanship, but not the two-party system. The main task of the newly elected Majilis - the formation of a new pluralist system in the highest legislative and representative body of the country. Elections to the Majilisindicate the formation of a new strategic balance in the party system.

Historical experience shows that the political system that objectively tending toward authoritarianism and efficient enough to stabilize the regime and resolving the constitutional crisis, it appears increasingly less effective the further advancement of civil society. The power structures in Kazakhstan recognize this. Presidential system of government has demonstrated the highest efficiency during the transition from a totalitarian to a democratic regime and this system has led the country out of the post-Soviet economic and political chaos.

As a conclusion, it should be noted that radical reforms process taking place in the country, which means changes  of  political  system  and  establishing  of  a  new  system  of  checks  and  balances.  Legitimization of political power occurs in conditions of national ideology absence, the institutional weakness  of  political parties, the prevailing influence of the executive branch. However, marked changes qualitatively transform the political system of the state, ensuring the continuity of the political process, increase the responsibility of all political powers in the country, increasing the legitimacy of government.

 

 

  1. Pugachev V. Foundations of Political Science, – M.,
  2. Kasymbekov M. Institution of the presidency as an instrument of political modernization, – Astana: Astana, 2002.

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