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Kazakhs of china and Kazakhstan: number and resettlement (19-20th century)

The article describes the features of the demographic process of the Kazakh people in Kazakhstan and the formation of the Kazakh population in Сhina in the 19th and 20th centuries on the basis of humanitarian literature of Kazakhstan, Сhinese and scientists from the United States, Europe. The number of Kazakh people has undergone changes both in Kazakhstan and abroad, forming a transnational population, especially in Сhina. The study of the demographic situation makes it possible to understand not only the tendency of the social development of the Kazakh people, but also to see the features of the development of the culture of the Kazakh population.The article outlines the stages of changing the number of Kazakh population in Сhina and Kazakhstan, analyzes the statistical material of the  censuses  of the Russian Empire, Soviet Kazakhstan and the People’s Republic of Сhina. 

Introduction 

Kazakhs are a people who live in several countries. Currently, in addition to Kazakhs residing in Kazakhstan, there is still a significant number of Kazakhs living in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and some western countries. Of course, there are Kazakhs who live   in China, mainly in the northern part of Xinjiang. Now the total population of the Kazakhs is at least 12 million people. About 70 percent of them are living in Kazakhstan, about 10 percent are living   in China.

This article tells the demographic process in Kazakhstan in the 19-20 century. The demographic factor plays an increasingly important role in the state development of the Republic of Kazakhstan one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The state has a large territory and a small population, which is shrinking at the same time. The population density is 5.5 people per 1 sq.Km. Thus, the question of the demographic process deserves attention from all stratums of society. The study of the demographic process contributes to our understanding of the overall situation of society and social origin of Kazakhstan, provides a good basis for further cultural At the same time, the study of the process of forming the Kazakh population in China promotes understanding of the Kazakhs who live in China and will lay the groundwork for studying social culture.

This transnational living  situation  continues  to today, social-cultural development has changed significantly. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the development process of Kazakhs has a positive significance  for  mastering  the  process  of social changes of the Kazakhs, analysis of the relationship between social-cultural development and the influence of foreign cultures, and further mastery of the cause of cultural changes and the general rule of development of social culture.

Materials and Methods 

The research basis of this article was the materials of the General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897, the Census of 1926, 1939, 1959, 1979, 1989 of the Kazakh SSR, the Censuses of 1999, 2009 of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Censuses of 1928, 1949, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, 2010 of The People’s Republic of China.

The methodological basis of the study was the principles of historicism, objectivity and scientific character. As a case study of the formation of the Kazakh population in the billion population in China and also uses an anthropological approach to study this problem. 

Literature review 

In  the  modern  historical  scientific  research,  it is of great practical significance for us to study number and resettlement of Kazakhs in China and Kazakhstan. With the development of Central Asia, the study of the Kazakh nation has also become more attractive for both domestic and foreign scholars. Kazakh as a transnational group, study this nation has even more practical significance. On this issue, studied domestic and foreign scientists. Including Chinese scientists Wang Jinguo (Wang, 2000), Zhang Dajun (Zhang, 1980),Wang Silong (Wang, 2004) and Kazakh scientists, Zhumasultanov T. (Zhumasultanov, 2000), Kozina. V. (Kozina,  2000),  Sdykov.  M.  (Sdykov,  2004),  Asylbekov. (Asylbekov, 2009), Kudaibergenova. A. (Kudaibergenova, 2009), Demko, G (Demkov, 1969) etc. Of course, scholars from different countries and different periods have their own perspectives and starting points.

One of those work, which studied the comparison of Kazakhs in China and Kazakhstan, was written by Chinese scholar Wang Silong (Wang, 2004)  This book begins with the transnational situation of the Kazakhs, the author analyzes and compares the language, religion and socio-economic development of the Kazakhs in Kazakhstan and China. However, this book does not pay much attention to the change in the number of population in Kazakhstan. 

Demographic Processes in Kazakhstan Since end of XIX to XX century 

During the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, the population of the national suburbs, including the Kazakhstan region, was rewritten. According to this census, the population in the Kazakhstan region was 4.3 million people, of which 7% lived in cities. The indigenous population was

3.4 million people, or 79%. (Static of the Russian Empire. XXVII, 1905:12) The highest proportion of Kazakhs in 1897 was recorded in Semipalatinsk (90.6%) and Turgai (88.3%) oblasts. [6, с. 6] From 66.6% to 71.3% of the total population belonged   to the Kazakhs in the Urals and Akmola regions; from 52.1% to 62.2% in the Semirechenskaya and Syrdarya. (Kozina, 2000:79) The average figures that characterize the ethnic composition of the region are as follows: Kazakhs – 74-78% of the total population; Russians – 10-13%; Ukrainians – 1-2%, other – 5-7%.

The events of the First World War, the military intervention of the Civil War, brought severe disasters and suffering to the masses, caused enormous damage to the economy of the region, affected the socio-demographic processes. The needs of the front for the population were taken up by livestock, bread and other products without any consideration for real opportunities. The time of the 1916 uprising punitive expeditions inflicted great damage.

As a result of the disaster in the Kazakhstan region, more than 2 million 300 thousand people were starving. There was a large death rate and migration from the disaster areas. The economy of the region was completely destroyed. (Sdykov, 2004:167)

In scientific literature, it is often said about the question of the loss of the population of Kazakhstan in the early 1920s. For the period between the censuses of 1897 and 1920, the population of Kazakhstan increased by only 633515 people, and amounted to 4787263 people. (Statistical Yearbook of Russia. 1916 year, 1918:94) The increase in population occurred in those regions where more than half of the population was engaged in agriculture, natural and cooperative conditions allowed even in bad years also had a relatively good harvest, for example, in Semipalatinsk and Akmola. The nomadic and seminomadic regions already often visited hunger at that time, which caused the high mortality of the population and migration not only outside the region, but also abroad. In such areas, the population did not remain as the past, even decreased significantly. This situation can be seen in the example Karkaralinsky district and the city of Karkaralinsk.

In the period 1917-1926, the situation of the population was going through a very complex and difficult time. The analysis proves that during these years the demographic processes depend on the influence of political factors in very high degree. The main reasons for the population decline were the First World War, the revolution which triggered a ruthless civil war , the famine of the first half of the 1920s, political confrontation and mass migration. Such large-scale population losses were unprecedented. It can be said that the population has entered an unfavorable demographic development. But the most tragic events were still ahead.

The hardest period of the population of Soviet Kazakhstan was the thirties. (1926-1939) The population of the country was experiencing one of the most tragic stages in its history. This tragedy was not only that there were so many people lost, but also because that it was forbidden to mention of those years for a long time. The reality was covered, official information was far from real figures. The population of Kazakhstan in 1926 was 6,073,979 people, including 3,110,241 men, 2,963,738 women; in 1939 the total population was 6,151,102 people, including 3,203,239 men, 2947863 women. (Asylbekov, Kudaibergenova, 2009:68) For these 13 years, the population growth in Kazakhstan is not great at all, only increased by 77,123 people for 13 years. The thirties led to a terrible and strange result, the Kazakhs, who consistently constituted the main part of the population of Kakhakhastan, have lost about half of the population, almost became national minorities in their homeland.

Reducing the number of indigenous populations was the result not only of low natural growth among the Kazakhs, but the main terrible consequence of the demographic catastrophe as a result of the mass vote of 1931-1933, and political repression, the transition to a settled way of life, as well as migrated not only beyond Kazakhstan, but also to foreign countries. All Kazakhstan was praised by popular unrest. During the period from 1929 to 1931, there were 372 insurrections in the republic, involving about 80,000 people. Simultaneously with the uprising, they were large-scale migrations outside and beyond Kazakhstan. Only from the begining of 1930 to the middle 1931year, 281230 peasant households migrated from the territory of the republic, including a large part of the territory of China, Iran and Afghanistan. In the years of famine, about 1 mln.130 thousand people migrated out of Kazakhstan, including 676 thousand people irretrievably and 454 thousand people then in returned to his homeland. Thus, the materials of the population censuses of 1937 and 1939 show  that the Kazakh nation was suffered from merciless genocide and received severe losses. On the other hand, the political factor in the Stalin period forced the Russians to move to Kazakhstan. So the number of Russians outnumbered the Kazakhs since then. The cross-census period is one of the most difficult and catastrophic times in the demographic history of Kazakhstan.

In 1941, the Great Patriotic War began, sociodemographic composition of the population of Kazakhstan had been much changed in the post-war periods and the years of development of virgin lands in the east of Kazakhstan. During the war, there was a further increase in the migration expatriation of Kazakhstan: in addition to 536,000 people evacuated from the western regions of the USSR population. (Zhumasultanov, Ibraev, 2000:73) Participation of Kazakhstanis in the war affected the number of residents of Kakhakhstan. All the large changes in the number and composition of the republic’s population were also expressed in the materials of the Third All-Union Population Census by 15 January 1959th year.

The results of the 1959 census reflected huge changes in the number of personnel and the territorial distribution of the population in Kazakhstan that occurred over the past 20 years. The total population for this period increased by almost 3 200 thousand people (by 52.6%), including the number of indigenous people in Kazakhstan , that is, the Kazakhs increased by only 473,000 people, by 20.4%. This situation also indicates that a significant increase in the total population of the country was due to migration processes.

The composition of the population has also changed greatly, the following table shows this situation. Table. 

Composition of the population in 1959 (thousands)

Nation

Number

%

Nation

Number

%

Russian

3972

42,7

Koreans

74

0,8

Kazakhs

2787

30

Uighurs

60

0,6

Ukrainians

761

8,2

Greeks

55,5

0,6

Germans

659

7,1

Poles

53

0,6

Tatars

192

2,1

Ingushi

48

0,5

Uzbeks

136

1,5

Azerbaijanis

38

0,4

Chechens

130

1,4

Jews

28

0,3

Belarusians

107

1,2

Mordva

25

0,3

According to the table, we see that after the second general census, in 20 years the population of the Russians is even greater than the number of the indigenous population Kazakhs, occupying the main place in the composition of population.

Then in the next 30 years, that is, 1960-1990ss, in the Soviet Union, as well as in Kazakhstan, three All-Union population censuses were conducted –  on January 15, 1970, January 17, 1979 and January 12, 1989. According to this material, the fastest growth in the population of Kazakhstan falls on the 60s, then in the next 20 years period, the population growth rate slowed down due to a decrease in its natural growth and outflow of population abroad, and gave a negative migration balance. With all of this, the population of Kazakhstan increased by 7 million 240 thousand people in 30 years, or 78%, with an average increase of 37% in the USSR.

And the population of the Kazakhs has already outnumbered the Russian  population.  According  to the 1989 census, almost 130 nationalities and nationalities resided in Kazakhstan. Including Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Tatars, Uighurs, Byelorussians and Koreans. At the same time, the two main nationalities, Kazakhs and Russians, accounted for almost 77.5%, and their total number was more than 12 million 760 thousand people. (Zhumasultanov, Ibraev, 2000:73) Thus, by the 1990s, multinational demographic positions had developed in Kazakhstan.

After the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there was a two-time general population prescription, the first was scheduled for January 14, 1999, the second was for 2009.

As a result of the 1999 general population census, the total number of people permanently residing in Kazakhstan was slightly more than 14,953 people, including 7,202,000 men, or 48.2%, and 7751 thousand women, or 51 , 8%. Compared with 10 years ago, that is in 1989, the population was 16199  thousand  people,  including  7847 thousand men (48.4%) and 7751 thousand women (51.6%), thus, the population for the intercensal ten-year period decreased by 1246 thousand people (7.7%). This was the second time appeared the situation  that downsizing population. The first time was in the period between censuses on December 17, 1926 and January 17, 1939 (12 years), the total population of the Republic of Kazakhstan decreased by 117 thousand people, or 1.9%.

The increase or decrease in the total population of the country depends on two main factors, on the one hand, on the level of natural population growth, it means the difference between the born rate and the deceased rate, and on the other hand, from the positive or negative migration balance, it means the difference between who arrived in the country for permanent residence and who left the country for permanent residence.

In the development strategy of Kazakhstan until 2030, the President, speaking of the internal strengths of our state, among the main assets of ours, called the quality of the population – the human resource. And at the same time, noting the negative features, the weaknesses of our current development, pays attention to the processes of depopulation among the population. 

Formation of the Kazakh Population in China from 18 to XXI century 

After the unification of Xinjiang, some Kazakh tribe gradually crossed the border, and engaged in nomadic cattle breeding in the border strip. In 1757, the Kazakh middle juz asked the Qing government to allow the Kazakh tribes entering the Chinese border and engaged in nomadic cattle breeding in the Tarbagatay band, the Qing government refused politely .

The request which  Middle  Juz  represented that entering China and engaged in nomadic cattle breeding has complex reasons. First of all, Russia gradually seized Kazakh pastures in  Siberia.  In  the  mid-18th  century,  Russia  installed  a  number of military fortress lines in the Urals, the Irtysh   and elsewhere, deeply penetrated into the Kazakh pasture from the north 50 to 200 km, so that three Kazakh juzes lost a large pasture. Secondly, at that time the former Dzhungar pasture, which, under the control of the Qing government, was in an empty state. After the unification of Xinjiang in the Qing dynasty, the vast expanse of Dzhungar pasture that found in the northern part of Tianshan was scarce, especially in areas such as the northern part of Ili and Tarbagatay where the pastoral land was huge and fertile, had a great attraction for nearby Kazakhs. (Li Gang, 2006:36)

Although the Qing dynasty refused the request of the medium-juz request to enter the border region, but did not help. Kazakh tribes gradually began to enter the border of China and were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. The policy of the Qing government stressed that to convince them to leave the territory of China, the leader of the middle juz also asked to link tribal people and not cross the border. But then the leader was no longer able to restrict the public. From 1762 to 1764, thousands of yards of Kazakh cattlemen, despite the ban on Sudan, moved to the land of Dzhungar. The Qing government gradually changed the policy of expulsion, and in the spring of 1766, the Qing government allowed the Kazakh tribes to stay in the border areas. Until then, they became the first Kazakh tribes to stay in China.

After the signing of the North-West Demarcation Agreement between Russia  and  China  in  1864,  in accordance with Article 5, after the division of China and Russia, the Kazakh tribes were ruled from the country in which they were located. At  that time,  Russia  was  implementing  the  “rules  of the Kirghiz of Western Siberia” in order to forcefully abolish the traditional political system in the Kazakh juz, to change the traditional nomadic way of life: the way of freedom movement, and to strengthen domination. (Demko, 1969:52) Then the Qing dynasty fell into decline, and has no energy to consider the border areas, and management is also looser. Thus, for the nomads, the border region of China remains a calm environment for life. Kazakh tribes resettled the border of the new unit to enter the border area of China and engage in nomadic cattle breeding.

According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, academician, ethnologist M · I · Vinyukov, in 1871 conducted a research on the Kazakh tribe, there are two most important points. On the one hand, the Kazakhs, who were transnational, were still moving between the borders of China and Russia. We can see  that  although  Russia  controlled  the  Kazakh tribe, which was originally under the jurisdiction  of China, but many people do not recognize their Russian citizenship, they moved between China and Russia, or moved to China. On the other hand, Russia in the process of controlling the tribe of the Kazakh, determined the amount of taxation of livestock, each tent of 1.5 sheep. The Qing government stipulates that one hundred cattle take one, a thousand sheep take one, but for a long time the Kazakh population back inside and outside the nomadic territory, in fact, do not pay much. Therefore, when the Russian government consolidated the rule of law, formulated the tax system and strictly implemented, the Kazakhs began moving to the Chinese border, where the tax system was not so strict, especially in China there was anarchy, it was more attractive to them.

From 1864 to 1883 is the first tide, which Kazakh tribes resettled in China. It can be said that modern Kazakhs formed and developed in China, after the signing of the “Northwest Demarcation Agreement between Russia and China” in 1864.

In 1916, a large-scale national uprising broke out in Central Asia, which resisted the colonial rule of tsarist Russia. This uprising had a significant impact on the history of the Central Asian country, at the same time there was a huge influx of refugees from different ethnic groups of  Central  Asia  to  the surrounding countries, especially to China, including Kazakhs.

Kazakh people’s main way of life was nomadic, they love freedom, believe in Islam. The reason for the uprising in Central Asia in 1916 was that the Russian government was raising troops, the Kazakhs did not obey, and the Russian government killed many people, provoked outrage among the public. (Wang Jingguo, 2000:6) In addition to the Kazakhs, many other nationalities who believed Islam lived there, they rioted Russian officials, burned villages. The Russian government sent troops to surround and destroy. One is not a soldier in the field, rebels in Central Asia fled to the territory of Xinjiang. In this uprising, the different peoples of Central Asia, who fled to Xinjiang, reached more than 20 million people, including the Kazakhs as the majority.

After the riots, now Kazakhs in China are mostly spread in the vast desert of northern Xinjiang. The place where  concentrate  the  Kazakh  population  is  called  the  Kazakh  Autonomous  Region  in  Ili ,Xinjiang, the Mori-Kazakh Autonomous County, and the Barkul-Kazakh autonomous county. In addition to kazakhs live in XinJiang, still a few live in Aksai-Kazakh autonomous county, Gansu (in 1990 there were 3148 people, it occupies 0.28% of the total population of Kazakhs). The Kazakhs who lived in this provinces returned to Xinjiang in 1984. (Zhang Dajun, 1980:88).

Before the founding of the new China, during the Kuomintang (Chinese National People’s Party) ruled Xinjiang, the Kazakhs were heavily squeezed, often roaming not only in Xinjiang, but also migrated to Qinghai, Gansu, Tibet and other provinces. In the process of migration, the Kazakh population has sharply decreased. By 1926, the Kazakh population in Xinjiang was only more than 200 thousand. The Altai Territory is the main place where Kazakhs live. By 1943, the population in the Kazakhs of the region was 53.352 people, after the liberation of China,  the society became more stability, the economy is rapidly developed, until 1990 the total population of the region increased to 262969 people.

According to available information, earlier the statistics of the Kazakh population number came from the National Economic Seminar in 1928, was 437 thousand people, which is 12.5% of the total population of Xinjiang. In 1949 there were 443,655 people. After the formation of the new China, so far, have conducted six times the general census   of the population, the result is as follows: in 1953 years 509375 people, in 1964 reduced to 491637 people, in 1982 increased to 907546 people, in  1990  increased  to  1110758  people.  According   to the 1990  census,  there  are  1106,689 Kazakhs in Xinjiang, and 3,148 in Gansu Province, 521 in Qinghai, 301 in Beijing, 102 in Shanxi Province and 67 in Sichuan, 61 in Shanghai, 40 in Jilin Province, 32 in Jiangsu Province, 30 in Liaoning Province, even in other provinces also have a small number of Kazakhs. According to the 2000 census, the total number of Kazakhs in China reached 1,250,500 people. According to the 2010 census, the number of Kazakhs in the population increased to 1462588 people, which is 0.1097% of the total population of China. 

Conclusion 

The population as the main elements of the organization of society, in fact its own change is a reflection of society, politics and the economy. In demography, every significant growth and decline in the region is called a range. Observing several ranges of growth and fall, and even growth in the Kazakh society of the 19-20th century, we can see that the difference between each range shows a brutal history. After each stagnation of the population, there will be a wave-like population growth, this    is the law of  change  of  the  Kazakh  population. At the same time, the trend of population change in Kazakhstan also tells  us  that the development of the productive forces at various times supports the growth of the population, the scale of material reproduction determines the size of the population’s reproduction. The process of formation of the Kazakh population in China is also a process of transition of the Kazakh people to the modern nationality. In this process, the Kazakh people experienced even a painful process. (Li Qi, 1997:15) From the migration flow to gradually became calm, this difficulty was experienced only by the Kazakhs themselves. Until 1949, the Kazakhs were in a period of social upheaval. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, the Kazakhs achieved good development and results in both politics, economy and culture. They well retain their traditional culture, while also absorbing a lot of Chinese culture from beneficial factors, Formed Kazakh – Islamic – Chinese cultural community. (Wang Silong, Wang Jinguo, 2004:191) The development of Kazakhs who are living in China will become better and better in all respects in the future. Thus, the study of the change in the Kazakh population and the formation of Kazakh population in China will provide a sound basis for our understanding and scientific demonstration of Kazakh history and culture.

 

References 

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