This article mainly introduces the reasons for China's reform and opening-up policy, including the exploration of socialism at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of china, and the background of reform and opening-up policy. China's achievements today are closely related to reform and opening uppolicy. Reform and opening uppolicy in China's modern history has occupied a very important position, opened a new era of China's socialist modernization construction, after nearly 40 years of reform and opening up, China has undergone enormous changes, made big progress. Therefore, the study of reform and opening up policy is very necessary, To understand the reform and opening up policy more deeply, this article also introduces the international situation.
After the founding of the PRC, China carried out a series of exploration of socialism. The establishment of a socialist society in China is a long-established goal of the Chinese Communist party.
After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Party led the people of all ethnic groups in the country to start the transformation from New Democracy to socialism step by step.
After three years of economic recovery by the end of 1952, the central committee of the communist party of China put forward the party's general line in the transitional period, The essence and the main task of this general linewas to realize the national industrialization, and in order to realize the national industrialization, we must implement he socialist industrialization of the country, and gradually realize the socialist transformation of the agriculture, handicraft industry and capitalist industry. fully established the basic system of socialism.
In accordance with the requirements of the general line, the party since 1953, while vigorously promoting industrialization,began the socialist transformation of the agriculture, handicraft industry and capitalist industry. The main task of socialist transformation is to transform the capitalist private ownership into the ownership of the whole people and transform the private ownership based on the individual labor of the peasants and handicraftsmen into the collective ownership of the working masses. [1]
In 1958, China launched the Great Leap Forward and the people's commune movement, which is a major mistake in our socialist construction, ignoring the objective economic law, overly exaggerated the will of the role of industrial and agricultural production has been greatly damaged, resulting in A huge economic loss, At that time, the great leap forward violated the objective law, seriously undermined the social productive forces, disrupted the normal production order, resulting in a serious imbalance between the various sectors of the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption. The "left" error in the economic work caused serious setbacks to the national economy, and people's lives have been greatly affected. The people's community movement has brought negative consequences to the development of agriculture.
As a result of the scale of capital construction is too large, increase the number of workers and investment, resulting in the imbalance of financial revenue and expenditure, the imbalance of the purchasing power of the society and the supply of commodities, and the huge fiscal deficit and market tension. The most serious was that agricultural production was greatly damaged.Mainly because of the "great leap forward" and the people's commune movement in the "left" errors and development, especially the high yield high purchase, has seriously dampened the enthusiasm of the farmer labor,Mainly due to the repeated development of "the left" in the "great leap forward" and the people's social activities, In particular, the high estimate of high yield, which severely discouraged farmers' enthusiasm, And from 1959 onwards, China's farmland suffered a large area of natural disasters, agricultural and sideline products production declined sharply.The party and people faced the worst economic hardship since the founding of the People's Republic. The biggest problem was the serious lack of food.On the one hand, grain production was greatly reduced in recent years. On the other hand, grain sales had been increasing due to the rapid increase of urban population. The extreme shortage of grain, oil and vegetables, non-staple food, seriously endangered the health and life of the people. This was the most serious lesson of the great leap forward and the people's commune movement. it is estimated that the loss of up to 120 billion yuan. At the same time, in 1959 to 1961, there were three years of natural disasters in China, many people died because of lack of food, but also on China's economic development caused adverse effects. [2]
Subsequently, China entered the period of economic adjustment, but the leaders of the form of the wrong way to judge, worried about China's revisionism, too much emphasis on class struggle, Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi and other leaders on the domestic form of the increasingly important differences, Eventually, in 1966, launched the Cultural Revolution.
The Cultural Revolution lasted for 10 years, from 1966 to 1976, which was a heavy blow to China. The Cultural Revolution was nominally insisting and defending socialism, persisting and defending Marxism, and actually becoming a contemporary Chinese and even the history of the Chinese nation. A catastrophe. Is a catastrophe that has caused a heavy disaster to the party, the country and the people. China's national economic development was slow, the main proportion of long-term imbalance, the economic management system is more rigid. [3]
From 1957 to 1978, as a result of one-sided pursuit of GDP growth, implemented in vulgar enlarged reproduction, ignored the pursuit of economic efficiency and economic benefits, in this period of economic growth quality was poor. This was first manifested in the inefficiency of economic growth. From 1952 to 1978, total factor productivity grew at an average annual rate of -0.32%, and the share of total output growth was - 5.3%.From 1958 to 1965, 1966 to 1977, the contribution of total factor productivity to national income growth was -130.15% and 7.15% respectively. Prior to 1978, total factor productivity contributed only 0.16% to national income growth. And the contribution of total factor productivity to economic growth from 1953 to 1957 was 8.7%. [4]
In general, the economic situation before the reform and opening up is very grim, the people's living resources are scarce and the living standard is raised slowly. There is an urgent need for reform, opening up, emancipating, developing productive forces, enhancing the vitality and vitality of socialism and improving people's living standard.
In the Cultural Revolution, because of the class struggle as a key link, many people have been criticized, which includes a lot of intellectuals, for example, only in the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing area of 171 senior researchers in 131 were reviewed and classified as Was hit by the object, the National Academy of Sciences was persecuted to death researchers have 229 people, which was the cause of China's scientific research is very heavy, resulting in a serious "science and technology fault", "talent fault."[5]
Education, the school closed, the college entrance examination system was abolished, many primary and secondary facilities abandoned to political education instead of school education, colleges and universities from 1934 to 434 by 1971 328, by 106. Which was originally revoked by the original political and legal institutions 6, the original financial institutions 18 were revoked 16.[6] Was revoked, cut, and relocated institutions have suffered serious losses. According to the 1982 census statistics, the national illiteracy, semi-illiterate up to more than 23 million. Accounting for a quarter of the total population, seriously affecting the quality of the people to improve and the development of modern cause.
In the Cultural Revolution, put forward the "broken four old" slogan, "broken four old", refers to the old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits. A large number of cultural relics were destroyed, monuments were destroyed, China and the human cultural heritage caused serious damage. Many of the historical relics, private antiques and even grandfather relics were smashed by the Red Guards under the slogan of "breaking four olds", and a large number of artists, writers and scientists were forced to go to the countryside and even died during the Cultural Revolution. Cultural revolution is a catastrophe economic and cultural stagnation or even regression, for the Chinese culture is a serious damage.
Politically, during the Cultural Revolution, the political system was useless, or extremely distorted, out of disorder, randomized state. The political power of the people's political decline, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, who steal most of the central and local leadership, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping and other generations of revolutionary‘s power is extremely weakened. The people's congress system, as China's most basic political system, has been severely damaged. Including the Communist Party of China at all levels of the party committee, the National People's Congress, the CPPCC, including a variety of the original permanent political organization or incomplete or false.
The Cultural Revolution was a major trampling and great destruction of Democracy and the rule of law in China's socialism. At that time, this disordered political environment also required us to set things right. Reform and opening up become the inevitable choice of the Chinese people.
Internationally, in China because of the Great Leap Forward, the people's commune movement suffered heavy losses, in the 50 years 20 century the world's scientific and technological revolution promoted the rapid development of Western countries, the new scientific and technological revolution is also called the third scientific and technological revolution. It is a prominent sign that some of the military technology transferred to civilian up, information technology, atomic energy technology, biotechnology, space technology and so on technology have rapid developed. Western countries, some countries and regions around China took advantage of the new opportunity caused by the new scientific and technological revolution to vigorously develop the economy, there has been a new round of economic prosperity.
After World War II, the US economic growth was very rapid, in the capitalist world had a huge advantage. From 1955 to 1968, the gross national product of the United States grew at an annual rate of 4%.Although the overall economic growth rate of Western European countries and Japan in the same period caught the United States (5.7% in France, 5.1% in Federal Germany, 7.2% in Japan and 2.8% in the UK).But after the war the US economy for a long period of time still had a dominant position. In the 1950s and 1960s, the US economic growth appeared in a "golden age".The United States' gross national product (GDP) rose through the "golden age" from $ billion in 1961 to $ 64 billion in 1971.[6]
From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was the period of economic recovery and development after World War II. In World War II, Europe suffered serious losses, but Europe experienced two industrial revolutions, was the most economically developed areas, had a good economic base, most countries had a high level of scientific and technological personnel and cultural quality of good labor, Have the experience of managing the economy, and the extensive foreign economic ties established in history. At the same time, Europe took advantage of US aid, played the advantages of its own high-quality labor force, seized the opportunity of the third technological revolution, adopted the most advanced scientific and technological achievements, formulated appropriate economic development policies, promoted economic Recovery and development. [7]
Since the 1950s, the Japanese economy had grown at a rapid pace. During this period, Japan's goal was mainly to achieve heavy industrialization and to make the export-oriented economy grow rapidly. For the rapid development of Japan during this period, there are many reasons.
First of all, from the inside, Japan after the defeat, the economic losses were very serious, war reparations and other adverse had a bad impact on the development of the country, the Japanese people were eager to develop the economy. From the outside, Japan's development was largely due to the support of the United States, the United States wanted to build Japan as a bridgehead against the socialist camp, in all aspects gave Japan great support. Japan seized the opportunity for countries to recover and develop their economies after World War II.[8]
On the eve of reform and opening up, from the domestic and international background, then China was facing a difficult situation.Domestically, after the cultural revolution, society was in a stressful and possibly turbulent period and had great economic losses , the state and the people suffered heavy losses.Internationally,the gap in the economic strength and comprehensive national strength between China and other countries was gradually increasing, Competition pressure was huge, we wanted to change this situation, enhance the vigor and vitality of socialism in China, liberate and develop social productive forces,to improve the people's life, catch up with the trend of the times, the only way is to implement the reform and opening up policy.
As the President of Kazakhstan N.Nazarbayev noted, now the world is changing rapidly. There comes another era. We are witnessing a new global reality with different opportunities and risks [9].
On the basis of scientific analysis of the general trend of domestic and international development, on the basis of accurately grasping the theme of the times and the aspirations of the people, Deng Xiaoping made a historic choice to transfer the center of the party and the state work to economic construction and implement the reform and opening-up policy. The Communist Party of China and China The people in this historical context, embarked on a great historical journey of reform and opening up.In this historical context, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people embarked on the historic journey of reform and opening up policy.
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