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Sustainable development and the agenda of the global system

The international problems of the global system go beyond the territorial and political security of the countries and also beyond the rules of the economic competition in the world market. In the global system, the states and other individual and collective, social and institutional actors face new problems like those of respect for human rights, self-determination, democracy and protection of minority groups; the problems of migrations for economic reasons, and displacement of masses for ethnic and political reasons; the problems of the conservation of the biosphere, protection of the environment and exploitation of the national resources and global commons. 

Political sovereignty and territorial security are not the only problems of international politics as they were for centuries after the formation of the European state system.

Economic problems were added to these more than a century ago when the problems of adjusting national economic interests were perceived by the major European countries resolute to defend – even at the cost of war – their trade and the search for new markets for their products. All problems are causes of disorder and uncertainty in the world system. Each of them, whatever the geographical locality of the areas most affected, produces effects that are not easily contained by the borders of the states. Each of them goes easily beyond the boundaries of a state and produces effects within other countries, attacks the social order, has influence on the economic plans, and requires political decisions. The probability of successful policy and legislative answers to these problems is minimal or almost non- existent if governments do not coordinate their strategies. Because of the interdependence and interconnection that globalization produces on domestic policies, any government is able to exercise its functions (provide public security, economic growth, health protection, social security, etc.) only through co- operation and co-ordination with other governments. In order to be effective in facing the internal effects of the global problems, government strategies need to beco-ordinated among themselves and give place also to international public policies. But, in order for this to be possible, global problems need to be part of the agenda of the global political system.

The system agenda is made of the problems: (1) that a large number or all the actors of the system consider themselves of the greatest importance to the political organization of the system, and (2) the system actors have different preferences for solutions. This difference of preference produces: (3) confrontations among the system actors that make the formulation of political solutions of the problems difficult and (4) the effect that this can also keep alive the problem for a long period of time. Not all of the problems of the global political system have the same nature, nor can they be dealt with by the same procedures, or be solved with the same kind of policies and collective decisions. A useful classification is proposed by Charlotte Bretherton (1995: 8-9). It takes into account the nature of the problems and the different ways in which they can be dealt with within the global political system. Three categories of problems of the agenda of the global political system are presented:

  1. Problems traditionally considered the responsibility of the individual country, because linked to state sovereignty, are today considered the object of global responsibility. The problems of human rights and domestic regime stability belong to this category, together with the traditional problems of state security;
  2. Problems go beyond state borders and are already the object of international cooperation. Many problems of the contemporary global system such as the problems of environment protection, infectious diseases control and international crime struggle belong to this category;
  3. Problems are beyond the capacity of the individual state to confront them and properly managed only by giving policy-making competences to the institutions of the global The problems caused by migrations for political and economic reasons, alongside the traditional problems of the reduction of the gap between areas of the world economy, the take-off of the economies of the underdeveloped areas, and the extirpation of the poverty caused by the stratification of the world capitalist economy, belong to this category.

The inclusion of sustainable development problems in the agenda of the global political system increases the chances of solution of the problems, but the convergence of favorable conditions is required. First, the inclusion of a problem in the agenda of the system is preceded by a phase of politicization.

These actors promote solidarity and aggregation around the problem. They make their political behavior dependent on the will expressed by other actors to negotiate the management of the problem and organize actions aimed at the formal introduction of the problem into the agenda of the system.

Second, inclusion in the political agenda of the global system depends upon factors of a political, social and material nature. Factors of first order are the support/opposition of the governments of the countries that have important organizational roles; the support/opposition of the governments that control resources directly important for the problem in question; the support/opposition of groups of countries that are strong and cohesive. Factors of the second order are economic processes, like the growth and contraction of the economic cycles, and cultural processes, like the phases of expansion and contraction of civilizations and cultures. Material factors are technological innovations and discoveries. The way in which all these factors come together during a period of time has great importance for the politicization of a problem and for its priority in the agenda. It is possible also that one problem may be taken over by others because the problems of a system are in competition among themselves for the resources available for their solution.

Third, the inclusion of problems in the agenda of the global system is influenced by their relation with the political organization of the international system. This relation can be the cause of the hostile position of some governments in the negotiations convened to find solutions to the problems, and may cause the incapacity of the institutions to produce decisions for the solution of the problems.

The definition of the agenda of a system at a certain time can be made by making use of the major documents of the United Nations, and the reports of expert committees and intergovernmental and non-governmental international organizations. Another criterion consists in analyzing the conclusions of periodical meetings of governmental groups (like the G7 and the Group of the Seventy-Seven) in the span of a year. The presence of a problem in these documents over time is a strong indication of the importance of the problem for the system. The best way of making the list of the problems on the agenda of the global system is to take into account all these criteria and also by attention to the messages of the mass media. They reproduce the formulation of the problems made by the actors of the system and the clash of the political interests that are involved in those problems. However, the mass media are not impartial actors. They contribute to create the agenda of the system by offering their own vision of the problems and also trying to influence the actors that negotiate the solution of the problems.

Politics is a continuous conflict about the definition and the order of priority of the problems of a system because there are not enough resources to solve all the problems.

Therefore, the order of importance of the problems on the agenda reveals important aspects of a political system such as the power of each actor, the relations of conflict and solidarity among the system actors, the preferences of the different actors that have control of the resources needed to achieve the solution of the problems under analysis.

Last but not least, the agenda of a system shows the problem-solving power of the system. This power depends upon the functioning of its institutions and the ability to rule of those who have the most important organization roles.

In practical terms, the inclusion in the agenda of the global system means that a problem becomes the object of the public policies, decisions and actions with which the largest number of governments agree on specific operative solutions. This can happen with the formulation of legal norms which are reached in the context of multilateral negotiation and ad hoc diplomatic conferences, with the creation of institutions for handling the problem, or with the attribution to already existing institutions of competences and resources necessary to solve the problem or problem area.

Once on the agenda of the system, the way in which a problem is solved depends also upon the social cleavages of the system both for structural factors – because cleavages divide countries into groups according to which of them are exposed to the effects of a given problem – and political factors – because social cleavages create solidarity and aggregations of governments during the negotiations and in the institutions mandated for the solutions of the problem in question. For these reasons, the solution or non-solution of the problems (i.e. the attempts to depoliticize a problem and make it come out of the agenda) can change or keep in tact the rules that govern the goods of the system and the competences of the institutions on the regulation of the goods.

Therefore, the political competition is the cause either of evolution or of conservation of the political organization of the system.

The politicization of the problem of the protection of the biosphere and the conflict over its inclusion on the agenda of the global system is a good case in point. Some governments are against the regulation of noxious industrial by-products. They would prefer governments to regulate these processes by means of specific international agreements by selecting in each case the measures to be taken according to their general economic and specific industrial interests. This is the traditional form of solution of the problem; like all such agreements negotiated among governments, it bears the risk that the weaker or the less aware governments accept unfavorable rules for the protection of the environment within their borders. Because of the nature of the problem – i.e. the unitary nature of the biosphere – this risk translates itself into the lack of control of damage that will not remain circumscribed within the borders of a state but will affect the rest of the system. As a result of this risk, there has arisen the demand to regulate environmental problems with public policies; in other words, to include environmental problems on the agenda of the system and create institutions for making coherent regulations and monitoring the development of the problems. The need for this has been promoted by transnational actors like ecological and environmental groups that gather together both ordinary people and experts who feel militant about the issues. However, once on the agenda, the problem of environmental protection takes on specific characteristics because of the structural cleavages of the system. Whatever the level of awareness of ecological problems in the North and the South, and whatever the determination of Southern and Northern governments to fight pollution and environmental destruction, the rules and regimes of world environment policy largely depend upon the solidarity and political alignments on the North-South divide.

 

 

  1. "World leaders adopt Sustainable Development Goals". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 September
  2. UN General Assembly Creates Key Group on Rio+20 Follow-up, Press Release United Nations Division for Sustainable Development, retrieved 26 February 2013.
  3. "Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030: Easier Stated Than Achieved - JIID". 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2016-09-17. 4 "Sustainable Development Innovation Briefs, Issue 9" (PDF). March Retrieved 12 September 2016 – via UN.org.

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