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USA in international organizations

This article discusses a range of issues included in the agenda of the summit, "the G-7." These issues are extremely varied, but the vast majority of issues are associated with the formation of mechanisms to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of an increasingly integrated global economic system with steady economic growth, both in industrially developed and in all other parts of the world, the search for solutions to environmental and other global problems.

One of the important elements of the global strategy of Washington after the Second World War was the policy of building blocks with the purpose to establish American hegemony in the world. United States in the postwar period is actively engaged in the creation worldwide coalition of various political, military pacts, private organizations and regional economic groupings.

Block policy was put in charge of relations with the United States, their partners, and has become one of the main forms of asserting itself as a world leader. NATO has been added to an extensive system of militarypolitical organizations and pacts in other geographical regions, created at different times under the auspices of the United States, which created a global system of global mutual aid. In 1954, on the initiative of the Washington Treaty Organization was created Southeast Asia (SEATO) in the United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan. The unit was set up to deal with the national liberation movement in Southeast Asia. The contradictions between the members themselves SEATO led to the crisis unit and eventually to its collapse. Officially the unit ceased to exist July 1, 1977.

In the region of the Middle East in 1955, was created by the Baghdad Pact, which, after coming out of it in 1959, Iraq has been turned into CENTO Central Treaty Organization. It consists of England, Iran, Turkey and Pakistan. Although the United States formally entered the CENTO, as an observer, they took an active part in its activities, and a number of U.S. officials led by its governing bodies. After the fall of the Shah's regime in early 1979, the Iranian government announced the release of their country of CENTO. The example of Iran was followed by Pakistan, as announced March 13, 1979. These decisions led to the dissolution of this organization.

On the role of the U.S. in the ‖Group 8‖ Large-scale global crisis resulted in the early 70’s the need for the ruling circles of industrialized economies have special mechanisms to address emerging global challenges.

Bretton Woods monetary system collapsed. OPEC producers have repeatedly raised the price of crude oil sold to industrialized countries. Erupted acute structural crisis of the world economy. There is a situation urgently demanded restore order in the economy of the leading states of the West.

To overcome the growing negative processes in the global economy needed a union of political will at the highest level of the most influential countries in the world Therefore, in the 70 years formed the "Group of Five' consisting of the Ministers of Finance of the United States, Germany, France, the UK and Japan. They began to hold regular informal setting secret meetings to coordinate positions on topical economic, financial and monetary problems with the aim of developing a common line and determine by consensus the nature of the situation and decide on appropriate action to it.

Gradually, the five meetings of finance ministers was made public. The composition of the coordination meetings later expanded to include representatives from Italy and Canada. So there was an informal club "Group of Seven" that after the accession of Russia into a "Group of 8".

Unlike the vast majority of international intergovernmental organizations, the "Group of 8" originally was not based on an international agreement and not an international institution in the true sense of the word. Under the pressure of circumstances, this kind of half self half institutional structure as it is in constant motion in the direction of formalizing and institutionalizing its activities.

After the first meeting in 1975 in Rambouillet meeting of the "Group of 7" held annually since 1976. In addition to the officers of the leading countries of the West in their work involves the President of the European Council, the President of the Commission of communities and managing director of the IMF, which has always invited to all meetings of the "seven", even carried out at the narrowest part. The meetings preceded by preparatory work at the national level, as usually in the form of advice and representatives of major companies on the issues discussed at the meeting of the economic and at international meetings coordination meetings of government representatives held three or four times a year in order to develop advanced solutions by eliminating the contradictions and compromises.

Since 1982, as part of "Seven" became operational fourteam international trade in the Trade Ministers USA, Japan, Canada, and is responsible for foreign trade member of the EU Commission, meets three four times a year.

"G-7" actively cooperated with the so-called "Group of five" that unites since 1967 the finance ministers and central bank governors of the United States, Japan, England and France. "Five" mainly focuses on the informal discussions on international capital flows and finding the means to streamline interest rates. From 1975 to 1986. "Seven" and "five" held their meetings as two very different forum. However, at the meeting of the "Group of Seven" in Tokyo in 1986 was made a decision which became part of the communiqué on the establishment of the "Group of Seven finance ministers", in fact, based on the expansion of the "group of five". By this decision, the merger of a multilateral currency and macroeconomic management, as reported by the authorities of the participating countries, has resulted in a need for more direct and private contacts in the framework of the "Group of Seven" in the period between the annual meetings of its leaders. Not accidentally responsible for the implementation of these contacts was given to the representatives of the monetary sphere, before all other reflecting all the "flaws" general economic policies of the major industrialized countries. For example, since 1986, seven ministers of finance, together with central bank governors three four times a year agree on topical issues of maintaining monetary and financial stability. At the level of deputy ministers and other senior officials such meetings are held more often.

After 1980 with the agenda of the summit of the "Group 7" began to include political issues, similar to the substructure formed at the level of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the seven. Their meetings are usually held in conjunction with the autumn session of the UN General Assembly. In June 1992 and March 1994 were seven meetings of Ministers of the Environment. In March 1994, met ministers of labor and finance, "seven", trying to find a way out of the crisis of unemployment. In February 1995, held the first in the "Group of 7" Meeting of Ministers Responsible for information.

In addition, in recent years, created many jobs and research groups from the experts to provide technical assistance in the preparation of meetings of "Seven" at the top. For example, in order to prepare the upcoming June 18-20, 1999. Summit "Seven" in Cologne (Germany), 24 events are planned at various levels the meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Justice, the finance ministers and central banks, trade ministers, ministers for ecology and the environment, the expert groups on issues of struggle terrorism and organized crime, etc.

Thus, meeting the "Group of Seven" is gradually transformed from an informal institution in the organizational system, which includes a range of bodies operating at different political and administrative levels and in various fields of economics and politics, but confined to the single task to ensure the success of the annual meetings of the leaders of the seven leading industrialized nations.

The range of issues on the agenda of the summits of the "Group 7 " is extremely diverse, but the vast majority of issues related to the formation of mechanisms to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of an increasingly integrated global economic system with sustainable economic growth, both in industrialized and in all other parts of the world, the search for solutions to environmental and other global problems.

Embraced in one form or another mechanism for coordination at the highest level, the most industrialized countries in the framework of the "Group of Five", then , the "Group of 7" as a mechanism for inter-state regulation in the form of co-ordination of economic, monetary, credit and fiscal policy, there has been objective and in principle has been predetermined by the course of historical development the internationalization of economic relations, unstable and uneven economic and political development of their partnership and contradictions. The gradual complication for the world economy, the expansion and deepening of economic relations, the cyclically recurring economic crises led to the objective needs of strengthening the adjustability of the economy, government intervention in the management of economic processes, not only at the national but also the macro-economic level. The reasons contributing to the emergence of the club "Group of Seven", should be referred in this context, the increasing interdependence of national economies, including foreign exchange, credit, financial relations, the changing balance between market and state regulation in favor of the liberalization of the market in terms of economic relations, changing the balance of power in the world arena, formed with a known change took place unchallenged leadership of the U.S. domination of the three centers of partnership and rivalry the U.S., Western Europe and Japan and the emergence of the "young" competitors the newly industrialized countries, the increased scale of global foreign exchange, credit, financial markets are unstable due with sharp fluctuations of floating exchange rates, interest rates, periodic oil shocks, exchange crises, etc. Growth of internationalization and interdependence of loan capital markets, now covering all of their segments banking credit markets, bond markets and secondary markets, as well as exchanges led regulators industrialized countries to understand the need to develop adequate strategies to these processes at the international level.

The focus of "Seven" were, as a rule, monetary and financial aspects of the economic problems of overcoming the global structural crisis , stabilization of the global monetary sphere, curbing inflation and imbalances in international payments generated by the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system and the global energy crisis.

In the mid 70s there was general concept of international macroeconomic policy coordination, which is currently being adopted not only "seven", but also all other major Western governments as the basis of their longterm development of multilateral relations. During this period of "seven" worked out measures related to the coordination of the national markets of loan and equity financing with International, there were new forms of financial transactions, significant changes were made to the legislation governing these transactions.

Since the late 70's to mid 80's the main objectives of the financial policy of "Seven" is to fight inflation, the search for ways to finance the restructuring of the economy during the crisis of traditional industries and the lack of domestic savings, finance growing budget deficits, corporate and consumer debt and etc. Main content of this policy limiting the growth of the money supply, increased bank interest rates, new sources of credit. At the same time the calculation is done on a "purely" monetary measures central bank intervention in the currency markets, the ordering of exchange rate relationships, etc.

The situation in the global financial sector in this period largely determine the actions of the U.S., widely using his position in the world economy in the country to attract foreign capital resources by means of monetary policy, including through the active use of the liberalization of capital movements in the context of rising interest rates and the dollar at the expense of its trading partners, and from the countries of "Seven". The tension in the domestic credit market in the U.S., due to pressure from the public and private demand for credit resources in conditions of scarcity, has led to an increase in loan interest rates, which the government has pushed up its control measures. Transfer of international financial resources in the United States was carried out contrary to the interests of the partners of the United States by the "Group of Seven", which, however, could not, through their monetary policy to stop the process. Moreover, they have been limited to the possibility of its implementation.

The meeting of "Seven" in Puerto Rico ( 1976 ) approved the main directions of joint financial policy, but even at a meeting in Bonn ( 1978 ) exposed serious inconsistencies in this area, since the decision of "Common Market" on the establishment of a single European currency (EMU) was seen by the United States with great caution. At a meeting in Ottawa (1981) again showed differences in fiscal policy, particularly with regard to U.S. policy aimed at increasing interest rates and the dollar. Meeting of the "Group of Seven" at Versailles (1982) was preceded by a meeting of finance ministers, who have developed a compromise on measures to stabilize the global monetary system, but it once again revealed differences between France, which insisted on holding foreign exchange intervention to stabilize the exchange rate relations, and United States, preferring freely floating exchange rates. The results of the summit in Williamsburg (1983), London (1984), Bonn (1985) fell short of expectations pinned on them, because Western Europe and Japan have not been able to influence the detriment of their financial interests of U.S. policy, the United States aggressively pursued within the framework of the "seven".

If until 1985 the U.S. could actually openly disregard the interests of the partners, then from now, when the credit situation has eased, but the result of the previous policy was the formation of the external debt , the United States begin to strive as much as possible to enlist the cooperation of "Seven" to smooth the descent of the dollar to the level dictated by the interests of restoring external balance. There is a new twist on the objectives of financial policy in the framework of the" Group of Seven". Now the U.S. is interested in reducing the value of the dollar, and with it a certain degree of solidarity of their partners. However, in real life, "Seven" is a renewed inequality of power and interests of its members.

Since the mid 80s the U.S. financial policy is focused on the prevention of crisis and at the same time for a competitive advantage in world economic relations. In contrast, the purpose of the policy of Western European members of the "Group of Seven" and Japan is to deter the fall of the dollar, in order to mitigate the impact on our economy, in which the role of global economic relations is far higher than in the U.S. Efforts are made to reorient economic development in government regulation focus from export promotion moves to stimulate domestic demand.

In the early 80's financial policies have been the subject of sharp disagreement within the "Group of Seven". actually refused to participate in collective synchronized actions of member countries of "Seven" to stabilize their

Of Japan as the country of the creditor, the achievements of Western European countries in the field of integration created by the early 90's, opportunities for Japan and Western Europe with increasingly confront as part of the "seven" of American politics. But they still have to reckon with the superiority of the United States in the global financial markets where U.S. financial institutions were able to create an extensive system of branches and offices, and where dollar assets are a major share of total financial assets. Combined with the huge and highly organized domestic financial market that gives the United States significant benefits, while the rest of the members of the" Group of Seven" has yet to be over a certain historical perspective to increase its financial strength before they can actually try to oppose it to the financial strength of the United States.

In the early 90s the need monetary and economic cooperation within the framework of "Seven" becomes especially urgent in the face of increasing intertwining of financial markets and the strengthening of the role of such currencies as the yen, the West German mark and collective currency ECU. Guiding purposes of the overall financial policy of "Seven" becomes the world price level and interest rates. The growing importance of international financial markets experiencing globalization. The increased need for international coordination of fiscal policy is increasingly manifested in the joint action of "Seven", institutionally making out in practice a permanent mechanism for the coordination of the policies of the participants of the "Group of Seven".

The experience of the leaders of "seven" in the coordination of fiscal policies naturally spread to other areas of the world economy. In 1975, Paris held a meeting on international economic cooperation. Attempt was made to coordinate the basic parameters of domestic economic policies of the "Group of Seven". In 1978, at a meeting of "Seven" at the highest levels in Bonn has developed the first program of concerted action "Seven" to overcome the economic downturn. Its inception was the adoption of measures by countries with a positive balance of payments Germany and Japan.

Attempts at the London (1977) and Bonn (1978) summits allocate roles between the member countries of "Seven" in their joint efforts to overcome the crisis and the health of the world economy based on the concept of "countries of locomotives" were unsuccessful. The United States did not do their share of the obligations and carefully weighted program of related domestic economic activities was unfulfilled. It became clear that the "seven" is not ready for this level of coordination, when the United States, guided by the general interest, should not act in unison with their own national interests, or even to some extent in spite of him. U.S. national interests outweighed the collective interest of the "Group of Seven". More such attempts in the "Group of Seven" has been undertaken.

 

 

  1. Erlan Idrissov is Kazakhstan's ambassador to the United N.A. Nazarbaev, President of Republic of Kazakhstan.
  2. Стратегия становления и развития. Казахстан как суверенное государство. Алматы, 1992.
  3. Cohen Negotiating Across Cultures: International Communication in an Interdependent World / R.Cohen. Rev. ed. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2002.
  4. Hansen , McLaughlin S., IO Mediation of Interstate Conflicts: Moving Beyond the Global vs. Regional Dichotomy, Department of Political Science, University of Iowa.
  5. Carment , Schnabel А. Conflict prevention: Path to peace or grand illusion, UN University press, Tokyo, New York, Paris, USA (2003) p. 133-152.

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