Kazakh-Chinese relations in security

This article is devoted to determining the role of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) in its relations with China and other Central Asian republics. Economic cooperation between China and Kazakhstan plays an important role in the development of the entire Central Asian region.

The urgency of this article is beyond question, since in the past two decades, crossborder cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the PRC has become one of the most important and effective forms of implementing trade and economic cooperation, a stabilization factor at the border, a source of raising the living standards of the population on border territories.

Kazakh-Chinese relations have deep historical roots. For several centuries, these countries have experienced periods of diverse political interactions. To the removal of each other, territorial disputes, wars, etc.

Since ancient times, both countries have sought to cognize, and often, to conquer new lands. Accordingly, this led to the provocation of bloodshed. But there was another, peaceful form of relationship trade, which was assigned the main role in influencing the establishment of peaceful processes. Here the Great Silk Road occupies a special place, connecting, in particular, Kazakhstan and Central Asia with China, globally the Europe and Asia. His famous history absorbed the best traditions of human relationships [1].

The Great Silk Road, as well as for all Asian and Oriental. Historical roots are the source and support for the development of bilateral cooperation of neighboring states Kazakhstan and China, their peaceful coexistence. This article is devoted to assessing the role of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) in its relations with China and other Central Asian republics. This topic is of great interest these days.

Economic cooperation between China and Kazakhstan plays a role in the development of the entire Central Asian region. The urgency of this article does not cause doubts, in the intervening over the past two decades, cross-border cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the PRC has become one of the most important and effective forms of implementing trade, economic and technological cooperation, stabilizing the situation on the border, territory.

Kazakhstan gained independence on December 16, 1991. The Republic became a full-fledged subject of international law.

Of course, both countries have striking differences in many forms of activity: be they historical development or cultural heritage, but on the whole this does not prevent them from building good-neighborly relations based on the principles of mutual assistance, respect and trust in each other [2].

When establishing diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China, in order to ensure such a character, to facilitate the solution of two challenges: ensuring national security of Kazakhstan and strengthening its independence. The geopolitical conditions in which Kazakhstan is located do not leave him any other alternative solutions, except for maintaining a reasonable balance in his relations with two giant neighbors Russia and China. Moreover, the nature of bilateral Kazakh-Chinese relations should be such that it satisfies Astana and Beijing, and at the same time does not cause Moscow’s special concern. But, of course, Kazakh-Russian relations should not contradict the interests of Beijing. This strategic task, which is of a permanent nature, requires great diplomatic skill from the leadership of Kazakhstan.

The President of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev even before the final collapse of the USSR, began to establish relations with China. In July 1991, he paid a visit to Beijing, in which he demonstrated the interest of Kazakhstan in the establishment of independent good-neighborly relations with China, primarily in the economic sphere, as well as in maintaining political contacts with the Chinese leadership [3].

For the first time security problems were widely discussed between the two countries during the visit of President N.Nazarbayev to the PRC in October 1993. A declaration on the basic friendly relations between Kazakhstan and China was signed. It declares the commitment of the two countries to the principles of good-neighborliness, respect for sovereignty, non-aggression and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. For Kazakhstan, which had already announced its consent to become a nuclearfree state, it was important to obtain Beijing’s consent to provide guarantees of non-use of nuclear weapons against it. In February 1995, the PRC gave Kazakhstan guarantees.

Shaping of the Kazakh-Chinese relations can be divided into four stages:

1. The first stage * since 1991 till April, The period is characterized by the development of bilateral relations. There were established relationships in the field of foreign policy, which were developed through the establishment of diplomatic relations and mutual visits at the high governmental levels; at that time economic, trade, security cooperation was steadily developing, have been achieved a mutual understanding in areas related to the prohibition of nuclear weapons use.
2. The second phase began with the signing by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan in Shanghai «Agreement on Confidence Building in the military field and the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area» it were marked as an agreement of the Shanghai Five. Thus, the Kazakhstan-China relations have entered to a new period of bilateral and multilateral relations parallel Intergovernmental relations meant granting guarantees for strengthening mutual cooperation.
3. The third In 2005, Chinese President Hu Jintao and our President
4. A. Nazarbayev signed a Declaration of strategic partnership between the two countries. The Chinese side reaffirmed that it will continue cooperation with Kazakhstan through the frameworks of the SCO and CICA.
5. The fourth phase. Since 2011, countries established relations of «comprehensive strategic partnership», expanded energy, and transport and communication cooperation.China can play a significant role in strengthening the role of Kazakhstan as an influential player in the global food market. In particular, Kazakhstan is interested in the usage of transit and transport potential of China for the supplying of agricultural products to China and other Asia-Pacific countries. Thus, China and Kazakhstan share common interests in the economics and politics field. Kazakhstan supplies hydrocarbons so necessary for China and it is ready to become the trade bridge between China and the Western Europe. It is necessary to note, that in the context of the global financial crisis, China has become the largest creditor and the investor for Kazakhstan, bypassing both Russia and the countries of the West. At the same time the part of Kazakhstan’s elite, which has been not connected to oil-and-gas sector, they suspecting the PRC in latent intensions concerning Kazakhstan’s resources (including land). The Chinese migration to Kazakhstan is a subject of special concern for Kazakhstan’s experts. Moreover, Beijing is concerning that public opinion in Kazakhstan perceives China as a source of threat to its national security. According to estimates of the two leaders, the almost complete understanding was reached in ensuring regional security. Through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), China has played a leading role in addressing these issues. Between Kazakhstan and China there is an agreement on cooperation in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism, signed on 23 December 2002 in Beijing. The police and security services are actively contacting. There was established KazakhChinese Subcommittee for Security Cooperation [4 -5]. Kazakh political analysts believe that it is necessary to use «Chinese presence in favor of Kazakhstan’s socio-economic development. The first and main rule — in cooperation with any foreign partner it is necessary to put national interests in the center. Second, all agreements with foreign investors should be open. Thirdly, taking into account the difference of incomparable economy scales of China, Russia with the economies of the Central Asia states it is necessary to develop other forms of integration

REFERENCES

1. Great Silk Road. Access mode URL: http://www.eucentralasia.eu/uploads/ tx_icticontent (Accessed 26.01.2018).
2. Eurorean dialogue. Access mode URL: http://www.eurodialogue.eu/nato-central- asia (Accessed 26.01.2018).
3. NATO-Kazakhstan relations. Access mode URL: nato.int/issues/nato- kazakhstan. (Accessed 26.01.2018).
4. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Access mode URL: http://e-history.kz/