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The influence of transnational corporations on foreign policy of Kazakhstan

In this article we tried to show the importance of transnational corporations (TNCs) for developing countries, broadly understood as emerging markets, transition economies and less developed countries. Take into considerations some different sides of globalization and transnational corporations in particular and consider to the various aspects of the impact of transnational corporations on foreign policy and domestic Kazakh economy.

We might like the weather or not. In any case we have to accept the reality and adapt to it. Globalization is inevitable and it would be incongruously to deny it. When it comes to globalization is always somewhere near would be transnational corporations.

The world has long been familiar with transnational corporations and it’s not surprising that over 50 percent of world industrial production, over 60 percent of international trade, and nearly 90 percent of foreign direct investments (FDI) under their control exert significant impact on the world economy. Nowadays if we create a list of the biggest economics in the world 51 of them would be corporations and only 49 of them would be states. Undoubtedly, transnational corporations are represents a large force to be reckoned with.

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are corporations whose headquarters are registered in one country and have significant permanent branches and subsidiary companies in other countries. According to UN ―Transnational corporations are incorporated or unincorporated enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their foreign affiliates. A parent enterprise is defined as an enterprise that controls assets of other entities in countries other than its home country, usually by owning a certain equity capital stake‖ [1].

TNCs pursuits main goal make a profit as much as they can, other goals are secondary. In order to get some achievements corporations invests to other countries. Corporations invest abroad for a variety of reasons. Among them are to open new markets or to reclaim existing ones; to avoid taxes or other trade restrictions; to tap new sources of raw materials and agricultural production; and to take advantage of cheap foreign labor.

Relations between states (governments) and TNCs can be conflict, cooperative or neutral. There are issues that have been and remain a source of political, economic, social, legal and institutional conflicts and in many cases also affect inter-state relations. There are areas in which there is a consideration of common interests and areas of cooperation. Trade liberalization and foreign investment, efforts to promote the principle of most favored nation to foreign companies and the establishment of the present and future of equal treatment for domestic and international corporations increasingly neutralize certain aspects of the relationship between states and transnational corporations. International, regional integration through the introduction of a common policy relating to its entry into the market, competition, public procurement and requirements that apply to all companies operating in the region, has the same effect [2].

Often when we talk about any tendency or phenomena in policy we can take from different angles and this case isn’t exceptions. Mainly the issue of transnational corporations is debated and when we consider the problem we should keep in mind both sides. In addition cause of title of article it would be great to ―look at the picture‖ from side of Kazakhstan.

This topic hasn’t been discussed and debated the first day and I'm not the first and not the last person who pays attention to this topic. It comes us to many different vision of this particular situation. Generally speaking any kind of foreign policy in the end attempt to improve the situation in the country in general. For example if we take and look through the foreign policy concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan it becomes quickly apparent that concept considers the possibility to improve the situation in the country in general. Yes, I agree with you that I am talking about trivially facts, but here's the thing. When it comes to TNCs it’s not so clear.

The proliferation of transnational corporations is increasingly evident among developing countries. Nowadays there are generally two bloc of people who according their believes for or against TNCs. Opinions vary greatly and we can note some of the positive and negative impact of TNCs.

From the economic perspective, in developing countries, transnational corporations are ―givers‖ by injecting large amounts of inward FDI into the country’s economy triggering a chain of positive effects. With TNCs investing in certain industries, demand for input to feed their systems of production increases, creating a multiplier effect in which local businesses are created to ―feed‖ the overwhelming demand for supplies to fuel their production chains, creating employment opportunities at different levels of the value chain by giving birth to more job opportunities for the working population of the host country in these affiliated firms which supply raw inputs to the TNCs. Thus, the greater number of people employed raises the local income levels and hence increases purchasing power of the local population, increasing demand for goods and services, and finally causing more private-sector investment, leading to further development of certain industries, and so on. As such, this positive feedback cycle of economic growth that is triggered by the FDI of TNCs move on to cause the developing country’s economy to grow. Therefore, by ―giving‖ FDI to the economy of the host country, in the bigger picture, TNCs are ―givers‖ that contribute to the economic growth of the developing country [3].

In addition, sometimes TNCs might act illegally in achieving its own goals. For example it’s difficult to trace the movement of funds between branches, and this fact is exacerbated by the desire to share information with host country. In some cases, the government simply afraid to scare off large investors. For example I couldn’t find any information about lobbying in Kazakhstan.

Yet, even though the TNCs function for profit, a substantial portion of the profits are frequently repatriated to the home country of the TNC. Therefore, ironically, the developing countries are unable neither to reap the benefits of much of the profits that are repatriated overseas nor to use them to further develop their industries. This is so even though these profits are often made through exploiting resources of the host country on their own country’s soil. In so doing, by ―taking‖ a substantial portion of the profit from the host country, TNCs are ―takers‖ that bring back most of the revenues and dividends made in the foreign, developing countries to, for instance, fund their own research and development programs back home rather than in the host country.

However, while profit repatriation might seem as an obvious reason that TNCs are ―takers‖, the chain of positive economic impacts that TNCs induce are tremendously more beneficial to the local economy, if we consider with greater foresight the long-term consequences. TNCs provide the pre-conditions for a rapidly growing economy by creating greater demand for local services and suppliers, triggering the self-sustained economic growth cycle which continues in a positive feedback loop as explained above. This is crucial in the long-term sustainable development of the country’s economy. It provides the developing countries with a path to industrialization, which brings the country to the ―preconditions for takeoff‖ stage as postulated in model of development, leading developing countries which currently stand as traditional economies to gradually industrialized economies. The profit repatriation by the TNCs may seem unfavorable for the developing countries during the infant years of TNC entrance, with the host countries hardly reaping tangible benefits as they see TNCs send money back home.

To achieve the necessary resources to feed their mass production or extraction plants, TNCs in developing countries ―take‖ resources originally belonging to the locals, whether in the form of land, or natural resources which are needed to sustain their livelihoods [4].

Transnational corporations specific actors in this process. In fact, they are the economic agents of the country that through market mechanisms won a decisive influence on the factors shaping the competitiveness of foreign economies. This makes it possible to make changes to the comparative advantages of the countries concerned. Such a situation, of course, can not correspond to the national interests of a country and even join with them in conflict.

TNC participation in international competition has many meanings and has many levels. Within the states they compete with local companies or other international companies for the markets, and sometimes at the local subsidies and other benefits. They also participate in the competition in the international level.

In fact many countries in need of FDI and Kazakhstan aren’t exception. There is no doubt that the activity of TNCs can improve the situation in national economy. In general, TNCs are usually diversified corporations. This is a direct consequence of the desire of companies to diversify their activities and to ensure their presence in a fairly wide range of industries. It should be noted that the main role in the activities of TNCs world play 4 complex: electronics, petroleum refining, food and automotive. Their sales account for about 80% of the total activity of multinationals. Of the 100 largest TNCs the above activities engaged in more than 30 corporations and 25 companies belong to the first two sectors. Analysis of activity in Kazakhstan's 25 largest foreign TNCs showed that about 28% of the companies involved in the oil business and investing their money mainly in the production of crude oil and natural gas.

Analysis of attracted FDI investor countries for the period 1993-2011years showed that the bulk of FDI came from developed countries such as the Netherlands (24.1%), USA (15.3%), the UK (7.7%), France (6.1%), Italy (3, 9%), Canada (3.3%) and Switzerland (3%). In addition, large investors in the economy of Kazakhstan are Russia (3.9%), China (3.9%) and South Korea (2.8%), as a significant contribution to investment capital, received from offshore zones (the Virgin Islands 5 %). Shares of other countries are insignificant and account for about 3%. All in all, the economy of Kazakhstan will invest about 116 countries [5].

In the manufacturing industry of Kazakhstan active Dutch investors. In addition, this country is a leader in industries such as financial services, the provision of services to enterprises, and ranks second in the transport and communications sector. Taking into consideration this fact can be logical to assume that relationship between Kazakhstan and Netherlands are strong and this method could be in many cases.

Nowadays one of the main objectives of foreign policy is to attracting foreign direct investment in order to exploit the economic and resource, transit transport and export potential of the country, as well as to create conditions for the safe development of the national economy. Political and economic importance of transnational corporations as great that in the foreseeable period of time they remain one of the important factors enhance the impact of the industrialized countries for many regions of the world from here follows the obvious conclusion that the care of the conversion of the leading domestic transnational corporations in order to become conscious of foreign policy, seeking to increase its influence internationally. It is hoped that the hard way the country's integration into the world economy international companies will act as a catalyst to overcome the internal economic crisis and the implementation of reforms in the foreign economic sphere.

 

References

  1. Transnational Corporations Statistics: Режим доступа: URL: www.unctad.org (дата обращения 03.2015).
  2. Шагурин С.В., Шимко П.Д. Экономика Транснационального предприятия. – М., 2008. – 453 с.
  3. In developing countries transnational corporations give more than take: Режим доступа URL: www.lifeasweknewit.wordpress.com (дата обращения 01.03.2015).
  4. Multinational Corporations in World Politics // Foreign Affairs. -1974. October.
  5. Жангазин А.К. Деятельность ТНК в энергетической сфере РК. – А., 2013. – 234 с.

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