In the USSR the 1930s became the time of industrialization large-scale processes. In Central Kazakhstan riches of natural resources defined its industrial mission. In the region there were no objective preconditions for this purpose: there were neither finances or material means, nor the main thing — labour forces. The Soviet management carried out actions for attraction of manpower from the outside, motivating need for the qualified labour, in such scales, for realization of region industrialization. The local population didn't meet these requirements.
During the Soviet period many important parties, such, aspects of migration, as a violent deportation of people, compelled resettlements, class expulsions, for example, were out of sight, owing to known ideological «taboo». It was considered that the statement of an issue on compulsory migration in the Soviet Union was illegitimate, and migration wasn't compulsory and was carried out, according to accepted concepts in that period, as direct methods, to be exact, by means of planned norms (organizational taking on, resettlement, public appeals, a job placement of secondary education and universities graduates), and indirect, namely by systematic distribution of capital investments in an industrial, housing and welfare building in economic regions. Today in the historical and demographic science of Kazakhstan there is a finally formed concept that the socially demographic development of the republic during that period had an imprint of the Soviet demographic migratory expansion. Developing this concept and using knowledge and theoretical positions of the last years, which characterized the migratory processes, the demographic historians have considerably enriched them. The theory of «the Soviet totalitarianism», added to the Kazakhstan historians’ armoury, is reflected in full in M.K.Kozybaev, S.B.Nurmukhamedov, M.H.Asylbekov, N.E.Yedygenov, K.S.Aldazhumanov and others historical and demographic researches [1]. In works of Kazakhstan scientists there is a classification attempt of the population migration in the modernization period in its realization way. In 1930s, in particular, the organized population migration dominated, which could be divided into compulsory, or compelled ones (special removals, deportations, sending of prisoners in concentration camps) and voluntary (organizational takings on, Komsomol, Young Communist League appeals).
The research of the migratory policy is actually, as the migration of labour force in Soviet period exerted a great influence on change not only quantitative, but also qualitative characteristics of the population. Under this influence the age structure was formed, which was characterizing by a high share of young age groups, motley ethnic structures, a professional standard and educational level of the population, which are projected, and on a current state of Republic Kazakhstan population.
The purpose of present article is research of the migratory policy realization in Central Kazakhstan in the modernization period. Authors have set themselves as an object: to elucidate various kinds of migrations which took place during this period: compulsory, or compelled (special removals, deportations, sending of prisoners in camps) and voluntary (organizational takings on, Komsomol appeals). The basic methods at article writing were general historical methods: historical and genetic, historical and comparative, historical and typological, historical and systematic.
In 1930 at the XVI congress the question of need of creation of new coal and metallurgical base in the east of the country was raised. In the resolution Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federal Sotsialisttchesky Republic (CPCRSFSR) according to the report of the State Planning Committee of RSFSR on the five-year plan of economic and welfare construction of Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Sotsialitichesky Republic (KASSR) it was noted that in the field of development of the industry of KASSR by the main objectives development of nonferrous metallurgy, the coal, oil and key chemical industry is.
In 1930 for construction and operation of coal copies the Karagandastroyugol trust entering into Vostokugol system of the USSR K.O.Gorbachev — the miner from Donbass became which first head was educated. 1 398 060 rubles were spent for capital construction of the coal basin and the first five mines are put. On August 15, 1931 the Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) CCACP (b) passed the special decision «About increase in coal and coke resources» in which set the task of fast creation of the third, strong Karaganda coal USSR base. The decision on transformation of the Karaganda pool in the third coal base of the Soviet Union defined a perspective role of the Karaganda coals in development of productive forces of South Ural, Northern, Western and Central Kazakhstan.
For building of this base and transportation of coals laying of a number of railway lines to the west was required. In 1931 management of the Kazakh railway construction who was engaged in laying of a railway line Karaganda — Balkhash on which coal on Balkhash copper combine had to be delivered was created. It was necessary to construct also railway lines Orsk Aktyubinsk, Iletsk — Uralsk to connect the Western Kazakhstan to Central Volga Area. For providing the industrial enterprises of Bashkiria with the Karaganda coal it was required to construct the railroad Magnetic — Ufa.
For complex development of the Karaganda pool it was necessary to resolve such important issues, as electro and water supply, construction of mechanical and repair plant, the organization of chemical processing of coals and construction from scratch the industrial city calculated on 180–200 thousand inhabitants and, at last, creation of own strong food base. In this regard, big capital investments already in days of the first five-years period were sent to the Karaganda pool.
In 1931 construction of Pribalkhashsk copper-smelting plant began. It captured the following regions of the Central Kazakhstan: Zhana-Arka, Kounrad, Chetsk, Chubartau and Karsakpy.
Industrial jump demanded attraction of huge material and human resources. It was reached as a result of carrying out really revolutionary approach to all spheres of life of society, beginning from introduction in life of ideology of sacrifice for the sake of future generations to rough violence.
In Central Kazakhstan giants of the industry were created in cattle-breeding areas where the Kazakh population prevailed or in arid regions at all. The existing manpower of the country wasn't ready to take on itself loading with sufficient providing with manpower resources of socialism formation both in quantitative, and in a qualitative correlation. It was very difficult to solve this problem, in existing conditions that time, as it was necessary to attach yesterday's nomads to industrial work and prepare qualified workers from them, who could operate with difficult tools and machinery.
In the migratory policy of the Soviet government were showed two directions — voluntary and compulsory at once. The voluntary agricultural resettlement which had started at the beginning from the central regions of Russia and the Ukraine did not give especial results as Central Kazakhstan rural areas in the most part were not attractive regarding soil and the climate. It is possible to refer to a voluntary recruitment method of experts and labour from industrial regions of Russia and the Ukraine — communists and members of the Komsomol. Propaganda and mass agitation work played an important part in realization of those plans. 1 500 communists and 3 000 members of the Komsomol [2] were mobilized within 1931–1933 for work at Karaganda mines. Another kind of a voluntary migration to Central Kazakhstan was the arrival of experts to the area for the rendering sponsor’s help.
Moscow and Leningrad’s patronage from working class, assigned in 1930–1933 assumed rendering assistance in supply for Kazakhstan industry and agriculture with dismantled equipment, tools, and also the help through departments of work by sending for work to Kazakhstan trained experts: engineers, technicians, doctors, agriculturists, school workers and others [3].
The basic inflow of population to Central Kazakhstan was not at all voluntary. The forced industrialization, the enormous volume of capital construction, the absence of any infrastructure demanded a large quantity of labour: cheap, and better it would be free, disciplined, obedient, unpretentious, ready for leaving behind any place in any day, not demanding any arranged habitation, hospitals, schools etc. During this period there was the economic requirement of attraction «enemies of the people» for building of socialism, and on a huge, inconceivable before scale, there were reproduced sad traditions of pre-revolutionary settling of Siberia by convicts and exiled people. The compulsory labour became a basis for territory development, where practically there was no steady agriculture, and where the voluntary migration hardly could be developed widely those years. Moreover, the practice of violent resettlements becomes as a norm these years. In balance of the labour, so-called «special contingent», demanded for the development of east regions of the country, began to play an important part, and in number realization of some national economic problems even the main part. Corrective-labour or reformatory camps and colonies, «special settlements» arose all over the country and became as an invariable component of the Soviet validity.
The «Kulaks» were the first compulsory settlers in the region. The first echelon arrived in Karaganda at the very end of June, 1931. There were four settlements: New Tikhonovka, Maikuduk, Kompaneiskii, and Preeshahtinsk. In 1938 in the area there were already 3 available labour settlements.
The Soviet power began the deportation of the whole nations to provide the forced rates of industrialization, what the imperial government had never afforded, though it was not ceremonious with non-Russians. In the spring in 1936 Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom) accepted a decision about eviction 15, 000 Polish and German farms, as unreliable, from the Ukrainian territory to Kazakhstan. In 1936–1938 the first deportations of Germans were made (along with Poles) from frontier areas, and restrictions for service of Germans in army appeared. At the same time, the Soviet-German pact of 1939, forced to damp down a little these moods for some time — the Soviet management showed friendliness to the new foreign partners and stopped not only Antigerman actions, but also even antifascist propagation up to the war beginning.
In 1937 all Koreans living in the Soviet Far East were «removed» to Kazakhstan, they were followed by Iranians from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Kurds, Ingushes, Chechens and others. The prisoners of the Karaganda labour camp of GULAG NKVD (Reformatory Camps State Administration of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), which was organized on December 19th, 1931, were another category of the population compulsorily migrating to Kazakhstan. One of the most principal purpose of Karlag organization was the use of prisoners’ work for creation a large food base for the developing industry of Kazakhstan and its maintenance with labour. On December, 19th, 1931 a new Kazitlag (Kazakh Reformatory Camp) branch — state farm» Giant «was reorganized in the Karaganda separate labour camp OGPU (Special State Political Administration). The basic direction of the reformatory camp was the mass use of prisoners’ free work for Stalin’s program realization for socialism building [4; 16,17]. According to the Regulation, confirmed by OGPU board in December 1931, Karaganda camp was intended for «isolation of especially harmful state criminals, both criminal, and political, whose acts brought or could bring a considerable damage to calmness and integrity to the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics» [5].
Minister of Internal Affairs S.N.Kruglov marked: «The soviet camp should be exemplary. On the one hand, it should be a prison, on the other hand prisoners should be re-educated in the process of work» [6].
Development by bodies of political repression of a new field of activity — the organization of work of victims of political repression — demanded new administrative structures. In April, 1930 in system of OGPU there is the Management of the labor camps (GULAG OGPU) which has become in a year Head department (OGPU GULAG). On April 7, 1930 CPC USSR adopts the statutory act «The provision on labor camps» which regulates CLC activity. Situation consisted of the following sections: general provisions; management and structure of camps; basic provisions about an order of the maintenance of prisoners; public prosecutor's supervision of camps. According to the document, in submission of central office of GULAG there was a network of labor camps. On the Soviet terminology the concept «camp» ordinary included the camp system created on territorial or by the production principle. Unlike colonies, corrective-labor camp were political structural, incorporated camp offices and лагпункты, being from peripheral remote control of several tens and even hundred kilometers. So, offices and sites of Karlaga settled down from the camp center at distance from 5 to 650 km. The economy of camp was on a joint of five administrative regions of Karaganda region: Nurinsk, Telmansk, Karaganda, Chetsk and Zhana — Arka, and over two thirds of the main their massif were located on lands of the Telmansk area. KARLAG territory extent from the North to the south — 300 km. and from the East on the West — 200 km. Except this territory there were two more offices Akmolinsk — in 350 and Balkhash — in 650 km. from the camp center. The Karlag center was in Dolinka village in 45 km. from Karaganda. Every year the area of the Karaganda camp considerably increased. If in 1931. it had 11 offices (Volkovsk, Samara, Churubay-Nurinsk, Dolinska, Kotur, Prostornoye, Bidaik, Koktun-Kul, Burminsk and Ortay production areas and the Central Production Office (CPO), in 1940 22 offices, 159 sites, and in 1953 — 26 offices, 192 camp points [7].
Use of work of prisoners for creation of large food base for the developing industry of the Central Kazakhstan and providing with its labor was one of main goals of the KARLAG organization. According to the Situation approved by OGPU board in December, 1931, the camp intended for «isolation of especially harmful state criminals, both criminal, and political which acts brought or can bring essential damage to tranquillity and integrity to the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics». The general management and supervision of activity of administration and mode of the maintenance of prisoners was assigned to head of KARLAG department. The direct management was carried out by «Management of the Karaganda separate labor camp of OGPU».
The structure of management KARLAG personnel consisted of the following departments: political, a human resources department for civilians, the 3rd operchekistskiya, the militarized protection, registration and distributive, cultural and educational, administrative, control and planned, supply department, trade and financial, transport and inspection department. Departments of Management of camp corresponded to GULAG departments. In all administrative links from top to a bottom one-man management was observed. The head of camp division of any level was responsible both for operational performance in work, and for providing an order and normal functioning of camp sector. Structural element of camp system was the militarized protection. Militarized protection (MP) activity and internal mechanisms of its functioning in many respects were defined by totalitarian character of the Soviet state. It had to carry out a two-uniform task of GULAG: to provide protection of prisoners, and also to carry out a big complex of production targets.
According to Gulag plan in Karaganda reformatory camp they should contain no more than 32,000 persons, though the requirement for labour was made about 27,000 persons. Independently on the regular movement of prisoners’ contingent, their number constantly grew in Karlag: if in days of the complete collectivization it contained 20,000 –30,000 persons, in days of Stalin’s repressions there were 40,000 persons there. In days of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) and the post-war period the quantity of prisoners was increased to 75,000 persons because of the «traitors» of the Native land and the deported peoples. [4; 61].
The forced growth of reformatory camps and their inhabitants since the end of 1929 was evidence that Stalin’s regime changed the accent in the punitive policy, counting on creation of a global system of the forced Committee of Legal Statistics and Special Registration of General Office of Public Prosecutor In Karaganda region labour, which core the Central administrative board of reformatory camps (Gulag), and a motive power –OGPU (Special Department of Political Administration) became.
Thus, during realization of a repressive and migratory policy for a short interval of history, on the one hand, Kazakhstan, turned into the region of cruel experiment with people, realization of the revived policy of colonization and development of natural riches of this region, a place of exile, penal servitude and imprisonment for many hundred thousands of people; on the other hand — just here there was the powerful industrial potential created and rapidly developed, gradually taking the advanced positions in the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan took the second place in manufacture of nonferrous metals; the third place — in coal mining and oil; and the fifth place — in energy development. Only for two five-years periods in Karaganda’s coal basin there were 22 mechanized mines constructed. Already by the end of the second five-years period the coalfield had the highest rates of growth of coal mining in comparison with such largest fields, as fields of Donetsk and Kuznetsk, situated near Moscow, etc. All these things allowed it to become one of large arsenals of Soviet Union in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945.
Deportation of the peoples violently destroyed their ethnic, social and territorial unity, had the farreaching negative consequences, which projection for today defined specificity of republic’s modern demographic development.
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