The article from the standpoint of the scientific study considers the topical issues of cultural integration, level and vectors of its development in the conditions of Kazakhstan. On the basis of scientific data obtained in the course of scientific and applied project «Vectors of integration of culture of Kazakhstan in world space and innovative processes in culture» (2012–2014 years, KazNIR of culture, Research Project Manager — Galiya Temirton) various aspects and cultural integration mechanisms are disclosed, some of the results of sociological research, characterizing the perception of the general public and expert community cultural integration processes are given, and the degree of entry of our country into the world cultural processes are shown, the main indicators of integration on accordance with the opinion of the respondents are found out. Thus, the article demonstrates some results of the research, representing a valuable material for studying the processes of cultural integration, to identify its features, characteristics, risks and benefits from the point of view of the national interests of Kazakhstan.
Introduction. Particularity of complex sociological research «Culture of Kazakhstan: Vectors of integra- tion into the global community ...» was detailed and phased study of perception of cultural integration of Ka- zakhstan, its stages, processes, advantages and disadvantages, risks and significance for the development of Kazakhstan for four years (2011, 2013–2014). In a comprehensive study interesting results, which are a valuable material for studying the processes of cultural integration, identify its features, characteristics, risks, and benefits from national interests of Kazakhstan were obtained.
In the survey took part experts, representatives and professionals in the field of culture, as well as the respondents are not related to the culture. On the first stage, Kazakhstani respondents from 10 regions of the country; the second — from all regions of Kazakhstan and from over 36 countries of the CIS and foreign countries; in the third stage, expert survey among scientists, cultural workers and intellectuals, political scientists, sociologists, public officials, public figures and experts in the field of information technology and etc., from 12 countries, including Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Belgium, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Japan.
Vectors of cultural integration. The results of the first year of the study (phase) showed that the Ka- zakhs correctly understand the evidence that symptoms of modernity began the processes of globalization and integration, constantly expanding and has a huge impact on the existence of human communities. The- se states of the national culture interact with the universal world process. Perhaps, that's why 70% of re- spondents understand the cultural integration as a process of deepening of cultural interaction and mutual influence between states, national cultural groups and history and cultural area. Only 30% of the total num- ber of respondents associated with the processes of negotiation forms of culture and communication of cul- tural institutions [1].
Under the conditions of transparency, the national communities, the states actively join with political, economic and cultural cooperation. At the same time, trend development towards anti-total integration, which is expressed in the desire to preserve national identity. Although the majority of respondents (65%) responded positively to the question: What promotes cultural integration? as opportunities for dialogue, 8% were convinced that the processes of cultural integration will lead to disruption of national identity.
The results obtained in the second stage of the study are somewhat different from the starting value judgment respondents. On this question was answered as follows (in % ratio) (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Area of Effect cultural integration
In the context of the country CIS respondents believe that cultural integration is primarily contributes to the unity of the diversity, whereas the respondents of Kazakhstan and foreign countries respondents are of the opinion that the cultural integration contributes to the dialog maintenance [2].
The comparative analysis of the results of the first two phases of the study indicates a transformation of attitudes of the respondents (representatives of different countries) on the vectors of cultural integration in the direction of reducing the positive ratings and negative growth. Perhaps, this is due to the fact that an active discussion of processes of cultural integration in the general public has become more critical and thus formed the basis for a more skeptical view and value judgments of the respondents [3].
The global cultural process integration. For any country that pursues certain objectives entry into the global cultural process an important step. A positive process associated with the promotion of the achieve- ments of national culture abroad and the convergence of the aims and objectives of Kazakhstan and world culture by the opinion of the dominant number of respondents. The results of the second phase of the study showed a slight dynamics of respondents' opinions regarding the outcomes of entering into the world cultural process. On the question: In your opinion, what to a greater extent involves entering into a world cultural process? (% of respondents) given the following answers (Fig. 2):
Figure 2. Degree of entry into the global cultural process
Almost half of the respondents believe that integration into the global cultural process primarily in- volves the promotion of national culture in abroad. To a large extent this view is inherent to the Kazakhs (every second).
About a third of respondents believe that entry into the world cultural space means borrowing the expe- rience of foreign cultural organizations in addressing the challenges facing the national culture. Such a ra- tional approach is characteristic to the respondents from foreign countries.
A quarter of respondents believe that the entry into the global cultural process involves the convergence of the aims and objectives of Kazakhstan and world culture. This position typical to the respondents from the CIS countries, except of Kazakhstan.
The key indicators of cultural integration. One of the main objectives of the study was to determine the main indicators of integration in accordance with the opinion of the respondents. More than half of re- spondents believe that the main indicator of integration is to follow the fundamental principles of interna- tional relations. This figure among the respondents in the CIS countries in 1.1 times higher than among the Kazakhs and the respondents from foreign countries. Every fourth respondent is a key indicator of inte- gration refers to the desire to fit into the system of civilized nations. This opinion is more characteristic to the Kazakhs and respondents from foreign countries (indicator 2.4 times and 2 times higher than similar). Opinion of respondents by country (% of respondents) (Fig. 3):
Figure 3. Key indicators of integration in the context of the country
Every eleventh respondent indicator of integration refers to the alienation of part of their sovereignty to supranational bodies. Such a view is most characteristic of the respondents from the CIS countries (eve- ry eighth), the rate of 1.5 times and 1.4 times higher than those among local and foreign respondents (CIS countries).
The comparative analysis of the responses for 2012–2013 captures the positive trend in the estimates and opinions on the key indicators of integration. Accordingly, we can conclude that the dominant majority of respondents positively tuned to the processes of cultural integration, considering it impossible to interna- tional relations without mutual integration, including cultural, and thus Kazakhstan will be among the civi- lized nations. Only one tenth of the survey participants relates to the cultural integration of Kazakhstan as negative, because they believe that will happen erosion of national identity and the integration process would entail the alienation of sovereignty and dependence of cultural foundations of Kazakhstan on global integra- tion trends.
Expert opinion. On the final stage the significant difference of sociological research of the project is the expert survey instead of the traditional mass survey. It is this fact has allowed identifying more clearly the perception and attitude towards cultural integration of Kazakhstan. To identify the key vectors of cultural development and its integration into the global cultural space.
The results of the survey showed some interesting differences in the perception of cultural integration among the Kazakh experts and their colleagues from near and far abroad. Thus, among the majority of do- mestic respondents (55.5%) dominates the view that cultural integration is primarily a strategy of cultural policy, which is based on a form of organization of interactions between cultures of different communities through a common planning, designing, conceptualizing the process of creating a common cultural space. It is noteworthy that a similar view is held by only one-sixth of foreign experts.
About a quarter of Kazakh experts (22.2%) and the same number of foreign (23.6%) believe that cultur- al integration — a functional interdependence between different elements of culture.
Almost one in six national experts (18.5%) indicates that cultural integration is a «social integration» and refers to the correspondence between cultural norms and the actual behavior of a culture, as well as logi- cal, aesthetic coherence between cultural values. Among the foreign experts similar perception of cultural integration is typical only for each of the eighth-ninth respondents.
Analysis of the results shows that the perception of cultural integration among domestic and foreign participants of the expert survey significantly differs. So, if among foreign experts (35.4%) dominated the perception of cultural integration as the relationship of various parts of the culture, when they come together in a kind of integrity of the main elements of culture and difference of minority, non-principal elements. Noteworthy is the fact that this view tend to only 27 (!) respondents of Kazakh experts. It will be recalled that local experts are more impressed by the perception of cultural integration as a strategy for cultural policy [4].
It can be assumed that similar polarity of perspectives on cultural integration due to the fact that at the time of the expert survey in the Kazakh society actively discussed the draft of the concept of cultural policy. In this context, cultural integration is closely linked to the formation and conceptual content of the document of state importance [5]. Obviously, for domestic experts important is the fact that the potential filling of the cultural integration as such, as well as the definition of its key areas and forms directly related to and de- pendent on the state policy in the field of culture. Thus, the processes taking place in the sphere of culture do not occur randomly, but are adjusted and controlled by the instruments of state power [6].
It is understandable that the modern form of state participation in culture is a cultural policy, which includes the coordination and regulation of cultural activities related to the preservation and operation of his- torical and cultural heritage. Thus ensuring equal access for all to culture, art, and support all types of crea- tive work, as well as the cultural presence in other countries and the impact. Apart from the fact that the state provides financial (budget), administrative, legal and moral support for virtually all types of cultural activi- ties, its cultural features designed to meet the needs of people and society. The cultural activities, including the cultural integration are the content of cultural policy [7].
Currently, the post-Soviet integration processes occur, for example, the creation of the Eurasian Union. Formation of a single economic space agenda of which the issues of cultural integration of partner countries, as well as ways and means for its implementation, which in turn, makes it necessary to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the processes of cultural integration in the logical continuation of the study.
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