Другие статьи

Цель нашей работы - изучение аминокислотного и минерального состава травы чертополоха поникшего
2010

Слово «этика» произошло от греческого «ethos», что в переводе означает обычай, нрав. Нравы и обычаи наших предков и составляли их нравственность, общепринятые нормы поведения.
2010

Артериальная гипертензия (АГ) является важнейшей медико-социальной проблемой. У 30% взрослого населения развитых стран мира определяется повышенный уровень артериального давления (АД) и у 12-15 % - наблюдается стойкая артериальная гипертензия
2010

Целью нашего исследования явилось определение эффективности применения препарата «Гинолакт» для лечения ВД у беременных.
2010

Целью нашего исследования явилось изучение эффективности и безопасности препарата лазолван 30мг у амбулаторных больных с ХОБЛ.
2010

Деформирующий остеоартроз (ДОА) в настоящее время является наиболее распространенным дегенеративно-дистрофическим заболеванием суставов, которым страдают не менее 20% населения земного шара.
2010

Целью работы явилась оценка анальгетической эффективности препарата Кетанов (кеторолак трометамин), у хирургических больных в послеоперационном периоде и возможности уменьшения использования наркотических анальгетиков.
2010

Для более объективного подтверждения мембранно-стабилизирующего влияния карбамезапина и ламиктала нами оценивались перекисная и механическая стойкости эритроцитов у больных эпилепсией
2010

Нами было проведено клинико-нейропсихологическое обследование 250 больных с ХИСФ (работающих в фосфорном производстве Каратау-Жамбылской биогеохимической провинции)
2010


C использованием разработанных алгоритмов и моделей был произведен анализ ситуации в системе здравоохранения биогеохимической провинции. Рассчитаны интегрированные показатели здоровья
2010

Специфические особенности Каратау-Жамбылской биогеохимической провинции связаны с производством фосфорных минеральных удобрений.
2010

Group psychotherapy of people with suicidal behavior within the addiction to psychoactive substances

This article shows the effectiveness of psychotherapy when working with psychoactive substance addicts. It was found that that group crisis psychotherapy performed diagnostic and therapeutic functions. The experimentally - psychological studies have shown differences in the structure of personal characteristics and stereotypes in response to the difficulties of life from patients with neuroses and those with suicidal behavior. However, these differences did not hinder the formation of a therapeutic atmosphere and intensive group work.

According to WHO's definition, “suicide is an act of selfannihilation with the fatal outcome; attempted suicide- analogous act without the fatal outcome”.

The 2001 report on the world's condition of health ("Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope") states, "suicide is the result of deliberate action by a certain person, who is fully aware of or awaiting death."

Depending on a person's views on suicide, there are several types of suicidal behavior: verbal, behavioral and situational.

Verbal: direct statements like: " I'm thinking about committing suicide", " It is impossible to live like that”, " Everyone would be better off if I died," etc. Indirect statements, for example, "I am fed up with everything", "You no longer have to worry about me”. Allusion of death or jokes about it. Meaningful goodbye with others.

Behavioral: despair and mourning, self-isolation from family and loved ones, abuse of alcohol and / or drugs, increase and / or loss of appetite, withdrawal from normal social activities, insularity, suicide attempts in the past, guilt, reproaches for him/herself or change the will etc.

Situational: the death or leaving of a loved one, especially of a spouse, a recent relocation, troubles with the law, difficulties in communicating with others, social isolation, chronic and progressive disease, unwanted pregnancy, etc.

We have distinguished three components in the structure of suicide dangerous reactions: emotional (anxiety, grief, sadness), cognitive (ideas about their own uselessness, the inability to resolve the situation) and behavioral (seeking for help - the emergence of ineffective coping, the emergence of psychological defenses, pathological compensation - the formation of the whole world of behavioral reactions) [1].

Considering suicidal behavior as a consequence of socio- psychological maladjustment of personality, it is advisable to use a psychotherapeutic intervention on people with suicidal behavior within the psychoactive substance addiction [2].

"The golden rule of crisis psychotherapy" states that the purpose of the intervention during the crisis is to restore or create the person's level of adaptation. It is not directed to cause drastic personality changes. Because of its focus, crisis psychotherapy belongs to the cognitive - behavioral [3,4].

Principles and tasks of crisis psychotherapy:

  • Urgent character of help
  • Focus on the identification and correction of maladaptive psychological mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and maintenance of pathological reactions
  • Identification of cognitive phenomena, leading to the development of suicidal feelings and promoting recurrence of suicidal risk;
  • The search and training of untested methods of resolution of interpersonal conflict, improving the socio-psychological adaptation, personal growth, frustrational tolerance;
  • Aiming to return to the previous level or even better level of adaptation.

Features of crisis psychotherapy:

  • Crisis psychotherapy focuses on the customer's request;
  • Has no time limit
  • Theoretically eclectic.

Materials and methods: our experience is based on a study of 80 people with suicidal thoughts and attempts with psychoactive substance addiction treated at the Republican Scientific -

Practical Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The study included patients with a diagnosis of "Mental and behavioral disorders as a result of alcohol addiction”. Currently, in abstinence, but in conditions that preclude use (F. 10.21) and "Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of opioids”. Also, abstinence, but in conditions that preclude use (F. 11.21) according to MKB- 10. All subjects showed signs postabstinent depression with suicidal behavior.

Indications for group crisis psychotherapy were the objective isolation or a subjective feeling of loneliness, difficulties in establishing interpersonal contacts or dissatisfaction with them, the difficulty of affective control, a sense of worthlessness, inferiority, or inadequate self-esteem with nonconforming, rejected forms of behavior in society.

The indicated motives of suicidal behavior were caused by interpersonal conflicts in personal, family and working spheres.

Grievances, conflicts, setbacks affecting the scope of meaningful relationships of personality were "trigger mechanisms" of suicidal behavior of patients. These issues and current conflict were discussed in the group psychotherapy [5].

Stages of the group crisis psychotherapy:

  • Crisis Support (contact, disclosure experiences contract);
  • Crisis intervention (cognitive analysis, correction of cognitive maladaptive mechanisms);
  • Raising the level of adaptation.

People with suicidal behavior were brought to the group of patients with neurosis, preneurosis states and those with communication difficulties, which accounted for 50 % of the total. Experience has shown that the most optimal way was the gradual inclusion of these patients in the stage of the already established therapeutic atmosphere within the group. If these attempts were made during the formation of the group, they were unsuccessful. Patients with suicidal behavior could not withstand the voltage of the group. Patients with suicidal behavior dependent on psychoactive substances, unlike neurotic patients were characterized by instability of contacts and low degree of interest in the first stage of entering the group process. 

Discussion: group crisis psychotherapy performed diagnostic and therapeutic functions. The observations of the behavior and reactions of people with suicidal behavior confirmed the conclusion of experimentally-psychological study, which states that they have a greater sensitivity than patients with neuroses. They were indicators of stress and frustration in the group and often took the blame of other members of the group. One of the forms of reactions to group voltages were the emergence of the impression of group rejection, which in fact was not confirmed objectively.

The problems of current conflict in a meaningful relationship were also discussed within the group. Patients with suicidal behavior noted the similarity of their problems with the problems the other members that helped to reduce the scale of grievances and led to the deprivation of the uniqueness and insolubility. The group actively discussed topics of life and death, that moved work of the group in to the level of existential psychotherapy with elements tanatotherapy. Members of the group took over the functions of the therapist in relation to other patients with suicidal behavior, feeling responsible for their fates. It should be noted that the inclusion of patients with suicidal behavior to the group affected the rest of the group in terms of reducing the egocentric isolation on their experiences when meeting people that came close to death.

The experimentally-psychological studies [6] have shown differences in the structure of personality characteristics and stereotypes in response to the difficulties of life of patients with neuroses and those with suicidal behavior , but these differences did not hinder the formation of a therapeutic atmosphere and intensive group work . Research team members using the Eisenach personality questionnaires, MMPI, techniques of "Unfinished offers" and frustrational tolerance of RosenZweig revealed large areas of conflict of individuals with suicidal behavior compared to patients with neuroses, their sufficient communicability and low neuroticism. The essential difference is more expressed reactions of resolving type, along with the predominant reaction of needs continuation unlike the norm.

Results: thus, the socio-psychological maladjustment and suicidal behavior during the addiction determined by the presence of anxious depression, behavioral disorders expressed in his regression (refusal of research activities as a result of nonconstructive coping) or wrong direction.

 

REFERENCES

  1. Ambrumova AG In collection: Relevant Issues of Social Psychiatry and borderline neuro - psychiatric disorders. - M.: 1975. – 211 р.
  2. Ambrumova AG Individually - psychological aspects of suicidal behavior // In collection: Actual problems of Suicidology. -M.: 1978. - Р. 44-59.
  3. Galtsev EV Criteria for severity of suicide attempt in terms of predicting the risk of suicide // Materials of 14 Congress of Russian Psychiatrists. – 2005. - Р. 436-437.
  4. Favaro P.H. and Santonastaso S.P. The mechanism of action of antidepressants revised // G. Neural. Transm. - 2001. - Vol. 34.- P. 31-38.
  5. Thomsen J.L. et al. Partial s^p deprivation as therapy for depression // Arch. gen. Рśусĥİаţ. - 2002. - Vol. 37. - P. 262-268.
  6. Masson D., Collard M. On the preferential abuse of heroin and amphetamine // J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. – 2003. - Vol. 156. – Р. 242-248.

Разделы знаний

International relations

International relations

Law

Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection between textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics.[

Technical science

Technical science