System threats of the security of business in Kazakhstan

In article is considered the main objective of a complex security system. From experience it is known that business begins to think of the safety only after there were problems and financial losses. It is possible and it is necessary to avoid. Firstly, it is necessary to tell that complex corporate safety is impossible without providing heads of business with information necessary for comprehensively weighed acceptance of management decisions. If the entity applies for long life and continuous development, the correct handling and the analysis of information on external and internal environment of business and tendencies of market development is necessary. The authors of the article noted that after the security system began to function, the head must constantly monitor the implementation of the provisions of the concept of business security. Providing for the entity of an opportunity to successfully perform the activities in the conditions of instability, to timely distinguish and prevent all potential hazards, to protect by all legal methods the interests, to protect health and life of employees of the entity and national economy is analyzed.

І Statement of a problem

Economic and social safety of the republic depends on a condition and development of small and medium business in the current conditions of economic instability and geopolitical turbulence in which is involved Kazakhstan.

Mobility and flexibility of small and medium business allows to smooth negative consequences of crisis in which there were extracting republic industries. The domestic entrepreneurship absorbs the released labor power, provides social adaptation, creates new market niches and points of economic growth.

The condition of a business environment is a key indicator of economic safety of the state, and the business climate estimates a level of credibility as economic and social category. Kazakhstan on the commonly accepted practice carries out monitoring of the entrepreneurial environment for determination of priorities of policy in the field of development and support of subjects of small and medium entrepreneurship. Authors of article suggest to consider business environment indicators from a line item of emergence of risks of instability and decrease in social and economic safety of the country.

The world community has faced loss of understanding of a global trajectory of development of economy. The processes proceeding in various markets and in regions are characterized by such level of instability and turbulence that it is possible to speak about loss of basic model of the economic relations. Creation of a new order and new model is prevented by not deficit of theoretical designs, but loss of one of the main criteria of mutual understanding trust.

ІІ Analysis of the last researches and publications

The phenomenon of trust is a basis practically of all economic and social processes. The economic judgment of essence and nature of trust originates in K. Arrow's, J. Coleman's, F. Fukuyama's, R. Galati's, E. Ostrom's, R. Locke's works [1–6]. Theoretical approaches to classification of trust were studied in O. Williamson's, J. Barney's, M. Hansen's, P. Hall's, B. Rothstein's, D. Stoll's, S. Masamichi's works [7–12]. By F. Fukuyama's determination the trust is an arising expectation at members of society of the fact that other his members will behave more or less predictably, is fair also with attention to needs of people around, in consent with some general regulations [13; 55]. K. Arrow notes that «the trust is important for the economic organization … without it any market cannot function» [14; 23].

The person and the state are forced to create the system of trust for ensuring effective communication in economic and social conditions of risk and uncertainty. According to the Russian scientists «the behavior based on trust will be considerable more effective, than the behavior based on formal rules which need to be developed and approved constantly and then and to defend their observance, including by means of enforcement measures» [15; 11].

The trust important part business relations, its availability promotes reduction of uncertainty and decrease in risks [16]. Cook and Emerson consider that the uncertainty level is higher, the cross liabilities are more necessary [17]. Process of an exchange in the market does not possess free nature. Transactional expenses in the global world have a great influence for functioning of economy.

III Main results of research

In fact the main problem - weather will be able to win world (any) economy at a scale having reduced at the same time transactional expenses. Certain mechanisms are urged to reduce these expenses, but availability of a necessary and sufficient level of credibility is always the cornerstone of their functioning. The trust is also a factor of fight against asymmetry of information between agents. Prevalence of mistrust in society is equivalent to entering of the additional tax on all forms of economic activities of which societies with a high income level are relieved [13; 55].

Authors determine that trust as fundamental economic category without which the market relations is impossible. At the same time the trust cannot be created artificially, it is result of influence of social and economic conditions. In modern society «the trust radius» is narrowed - a circle of people and the social groups entering into single system of trusting relationships. F.Fukuyama notes that any society possesses a certain inventory of a social capital, considerable distinctions between them are caused by the radius of trust [3; 13]. A task of authors of article is the risks assessment of the Kazakhstan economy due to reducing radius of trust (Fig. 1).

Authors consider trust as the institutional economic category determining behavior of the economic actor in system of economic activity of various levels. Certain content of concept «Trust» included in a wide value system and determining behavior of the subject at the hierarchical level corresponds to each level of globalization of economic systems. Depending on the level of hierarchy increases importance of trust as basic category and increases danger of level of loss. Loss of trust of the top level can lead to strengthening of trust of basic levels, however, can be followed also by crash of all valuable and confidential system of relations in entrepreneurship.

Basic level of values for the entrepreneur, as well as any person, am its own «I» and the society surrounding it - the family, relatives, friends. The level of trust shall be maximum here. Even the slightest loss of trust to itself leads to destruction of the person as persons, reduces his social activity. For entrepreneurship as special type of activity, the availability of a personal initiative based on confidence in own opportunities - is the dominating factor. Trust to the entrepreneur - the first and most important investment into business, especially in small. A family support, an inner circle and compatriots - important levels of ensuring trust which importance weakens in process of removal from the entrepreneur.

Loss of trust of the first basic level creates threat of apathy, failure act of the specific entrepreneur. In case of mass manifestation of loss of trust at a basic level there is a danger of reducing entrepreneurship as bases of forming of market society.

The level of trust to the state and its institutes creates loyalty of economic behavior of entrepreneurs. In case of decrease in trust to the state business begins to pass from legal to shadow forms of economy, to show economic and political opportunism and to support criminal schemes of economic behavior. However business can continue at the expense of a support on own resources and the immediate environment.

The trust to the outside world creates readiness to take part in processes of the international level. The entrepreneurial communities trusting to foreign countries and associations are open to innovations, do business, invest the capitals out of the country and the region. Loss of trust to an external environment, recognition of his hostility leads to isolation of country business, origin of nationalism. Mistrust of domestic business to processes of world integration creates self-isolation threats. During a certain period it can lead to growth of local business, but in the strategic period the isolated development reduces competitiveness of regions and countries.

The Kazakhstan economy is now in the difficult economic period which duration generates new threats and risks. According to authors, noted negative tendencies of the Kazakhstan entrepreneurship have system character and the greatest problem is the loss of trust creating destructive business models.

In the provided article is considered the interrelation of problems of development of the Kazakhstan business with loss of entrepreneurial trust and generation of threats of economic safety of the country.

The empirical basis of research was constituted by data of «Efficiency analysis of work and transparency of the state regulation of business activity in a regional section» performed by JSC Institute of Economic Researches for the Ministry of national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the materials of researches of National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan stated in the National report on a condition of entrepreneurial activity.

The bureaucracy, corruption and big terms of consideration of documents constitute three main barriers to effective interaction of the state and business according to National Chamber of Entrepreneurs. The first part of article is devoted to studying of major factors of interrelation of loss of trust and emergence of threats of the Kazakhstan entrepreneurship. The bureaucracy and corruption as the most dangerous and system threats will be considered in separate, second part of the publication.

The risks expected by the Kazakhstan entrepreneurs have the expressed financial and currency character at the moment. However the system analysis of a problem allows to reveal and estimate deeper causes and effect relationships (Fig. 2).

The fears and concerns stated by the Kazakhstan entrepreneurs have character of a negative assessment of an economic situation. About 70 % of answers about concerns for further business are received on four major factors. For the period for 2014-2016, tenge it was devaluated twice and in the conditions of transition to the floating rate was created the deep distrust to national currency. Decrease in rates of economy, uncertainty of the currency rate, noted equity overflows to other states generate broader concerns concerning deficit of financial resources.

Mistrust to a financial system of the state generates more deep fears and concerns in preserving competitiveness of entrepreneurship. Mistrust to own opportunities of business undermines a basis of entrepreneurial activity and creates institutional threat of development of this field of activity.

Authors have revealed ten most burning issues of development of the Kazakhstan entrepreneurship on the basis of the analysis of the current situation:

• lack of interest in business activity;
• a dissatisfaction with business conditions in the country;
• dependence on informal communications;
• not innovation of entrepreneurship;
• low professional competence of entrepreneurs;
• conservatism of business;
• low competitiveness of domestic entrepreneurship;
• fear of financial instability;
• corruption;
• shadow economy (Fig. 3).

The brightest loss of trust as economic category, is shown in loss of trust of entrepreneurs to a domestic financial system. According to National bank of Kazakhstan deposits of physical persons and legal entities in foreign currency constituted 70 % from the total amount of deposits.

Mistrust to a domestic financial system in Kazakhstan develops into a steady phobia and generates fear of innovations. Instability and uncontrollability of a rate of tenge makes impossible planning of investments in national currency and creates the steady pattern of entrepreneurial behavior avoiding innovations as uncontrollable costs.

Innovations in business management and production processes are implemented by only one third of entrepreneurs. It should be noted that domestic entrepreneurs do not differ in innovation not only at the practical level, but even at the level of intentions and a plan. Innovative technologies choose no more than 2 entrepreneurs from 10. These results confirm low mental competitiveness of the Kazakhstan entrepreneurs.

It is noted not only low actual innovation, but also low level of understanding of a subject of an innovation that enters it and as to develop it. At the same time in the conditions of global fight for the market and the client the competition cannot sustain without implementation of innovations in the production technology and business. Low innovation of the Kazakhstan business creates risks of loss of the international competitiveness and creates losses of the international economic safety.

Adverse conditions for business undermine confidence of entrepreneurs to the commitment to the market relations declared by the state and democracy. Only one third of the interrogated respondents considers that in Kazakhstan are created favorable conditions to start the business. This indicator reflects a low level of trust to the entrepreneurial environment as parts of country community. The youth of Kazakhstan has no desire to become entrepreneurs, the main contingent of potential entrepreneurs constitutes the population about 40 years. By estimates of authors, the desire to be engaged in business is stated by about 15 % of youth.

Loss of trust to the state support of business gives rise to three types of risk: low competitiveness of domestic business, leaving of entrepreneurship in a shadow economy and corruption. Corruption and a shad-

ow economy are the most dangerous systemic risks for economy of Kazakhstan. Their manifestation, development and consequences will be researched separately in the second part of our article.

We will consider risk of low competitiveness of the Kazakhstan entrepreneurship as generation of mistrust to a possibility of business development. The policy of support of business realized by the state stimulates only about 2 % of respondents. Entrepreneurship lack of work in the labor market is a basic reason of occupation. The entrepreneurship realized not as the personal initiative and the voluntary choice, and as uncontested employment bears in themselves stability threat. Such entities initially are characterized by low competitiveness and profitability of business, and also high level of volatility to external risks and instability.

The Kazakhstan entrepreneurship develops in regions where there is rather strong enterprising competition, big density of population that allows to expect to entrepreneurs the market in the region. This phenomenon confutes a hypothesis according to which, potential entrepreneurs appear in regions with the low competition, according to great opportunities for entry into the market. This tendency increases distinction between the backward and developed regions of the country and creates threat of internal instability.

Kazakhstan as the state living on a raw rent and disposing of the main part of the income from exploitation of natural resources is the chief employer and does not stimulate business activity. By a provisional estimate, in 2015 annual average number occupied in Kazakhstan has constituted 8,5 million people, from them:

• 39 the % occupied at the entities of a private sector;
• 28 % employees of the entities with state participation;
• 4 % employees of overseas enterprises;
• 28 % self-employed workers.

The state spheres education, health care and a state administration - have provided the main contribution to an employment surplus since 2010. The private sector practically does not generate creation of new fixed workplaces in recent years. The work market situation in 2016 will depend in many respects on actions of the state and quasi-public sectors which, in addition to direct employment, provide a considerable share of demand for products made in the country.

3. Entrepreneurial passivity as reaction to domination of the state in economy, is the most important institutional sign of loss of trust of citizens to the declaration of economic equality and independence of each subject. Characteristic of business in Kazakhstan is its related focus. Without trusting the state as to the partner, the entrepreneur limits trust to a circle of the next society. For the organization and development of own business Kazakhstan citizens are guided by resources of the family and relatives. The nepotism as basic social model constitutes threat of development not only business, but also all management system and is the cornerstone of the Kazakhstan model of corruption.

The Kazakhstan owners of business in the choice of entrepreneurship as main activity are guided first of all by desire of finding of independence (41,4 %), including financial (16 %). At the same time availability of necessary knowledge and skills in implementable activities mark out about 16 % of respondents. Incompetence is one of the main risks of the Kazakhstan entrepreneurship. It is directly connected with risk of a nepotism as business models and as a result generates the most dangerous forms of corruption about what it will be in detail researched in the second part of article.

Creation of the strong, competent organizations in the future is under the threat because of low competence entering small business. Only 1 % of potential entrepreneurs have necessary skills of competitiveness: knowledge of the case, absence of fear, ability to plan.

IV Conclusions

Considering that the Kazakhstan entrepreneurs concentrate business in the developed, competitive markets, they do not plan creation of offers of new goods or services, thereby creations of a new niche for the activities. Commitment to implementation of traditional types of activity which will bring in certain stable incomes; amplifies high average age of the beginning entrepreneurs, not persons interested to create new goods and services. Conservatism creates threat of stagnation of a business sector and decrease economic safety of the country.

The trust becomes a present problem. The modern situation is characterized by high degree of uncertainty. Preserving economic activity is a question of the attitude of entrepreneurs towards the increasing risks. The market system does not work without expectation of accomplishment of liabilities and trust to reliability of partners.

All participants of the market relations in the conditions of dynamically changing external environment and high instability of the financial markets shall make economic decisions quickly. Level of instability of the world market and, the market of Kazakhstan as its parts, creates a situation in which the most part of information does not give in to sure forecasting. In these conditions decision making process is based on trust. The market as system of economic and social exchanges requires basic trust to the system of institutes. Without it the exchange will not be general. In Kazakhstan is broken generality of trust and systems of business entrepreneurial activity.

Loss of trust, deficit of trust does not give the chance of long-term planning, promotes increase of institutional barriers, inevitably increases uncertainty and instability of the institutional environment, all this does the existing institutes are inefficient. And without effective institutes those purposes which are set before the Kazakhstan economy — upgrade, innovations, sustainable economic development are impossible.

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