Study of spreading and plant resources of herbs Scabiosa ochroleuca L. and Scabiosa isetensis L. on the territory of Karaganda region

The results of the study of the distribution and raw stocks of herbs Scabiosa ochroleuca and Scabiosa isetensis are presented in the article. Populations involving Scabiosa ochroleuca are timed to meadow, stable meadows, scaffolding forests, river valleys, and intersectional downhill. Individuals grow on the territory of the mountains of Karkaraly, Kuu, Ulytau, Ortau, Kyzyltau, Aksoran, Kent, Bektauata, Buyratau, Spasskiy hills, on river valleys of the rivers Nura, Sherubai-Nura, Sarysu, Shiderty, etc. Features of growth of Scabiosa ochroleuca as a part of a cereal-herbal varia Scabiosa ochroleuca, scabiosa-herbal varia, herbal varia-cereal and herbal varia-shrubby community are described. Yield of above-ground was 220–350 kg/ha (in terms of air-dry weight). The total area of detected crops with the participation of Scabiosa ochroleuca co-set 61.3 hectares with an exploitation reserve of 186.26 centners, the volume of possible collection of raw materials — 111.76 centners. The growth of Scabiosa isetensis is timed to the slopes and tops of rocky nozzles, slopes of mountains, steppe rae-nine areas. Individuals of this species are found in the mountains of Karkaraly, Ulytau, Ortau, Kyzyltau, in the desert of Beth-pakdala, on the exits of rocks of the Central Kazakhstan small breeder as part of scabiosa-stipa-herbal varia and cereal-herbal varia communities. Yield of air-dry raw materials was 285–310 kg/ha. The total area is calculated at 29.8 ha, exploitation reserve is 87.83 centners, the volume of possible raw material collection is calculated at 52.70 centners.

Introduction

About 6,000 species of vascular plants grow in the Republic [1], about 1000 species have information about the use in folk medicine [2] or proven biological activity [3]. At the same time, the Pharmacopoeia of Kazakhstan includes about 160 species of plants, half of which do not grow in the natural flora. Increasing interest in phytotherapy and phyto-pharmacology in the world [4, 5] raises the question of expanding the range of herbs by introduction species of natural flora.

Most interested for the study is objects having sufficient range and stocks suitable for industrial gathering of raw materials.

In recent years, among the objects under study, the genus Scabiosa L. (Dipsacaceae family) has the greatest prospect. The most common species in Kazakshatn are Scabiosa ochroleuca L. and Scabiosa isetensis L. [3], which show a wide range of biological activity: antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiradical, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, antipyretic, diuretic and others [3, 6–8]. In folk medicine, species of genus Scabiosa L. find applications in the treatment of respiratory diseases (asthma, re-spiral infections, tuberculosis, coughing), rheumatism, gout, gastrointestinal tract, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, bones and for improving blood circulation [2, 3, 8–15]. On the basis of the above-ground organs of both species of Scabiosa, projects of regulatory documentation for raw materials has been proposed, the technology of obtaining extracts and their biological activity have been elaborated [16].

In order to fully assess the feasibility of using species as sources of medicinal raw materials, a study of distribution and raw materials is needed. This aspect was the purpose of this study.

Objects and methodology

The study focused on natural populations of Scabiosa ochroleuca L. and Scabiosa isetensis L., which grow in the territory of Karaganda region.

Identification of habitats of the species was carried out according to herbal samples of Ye.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, JSC «Scientific and production holding» Phytochemistry», field diaries and results of expeditionary trips.

In the study of raw materials were applied traditional methodological guidelines [17–19]. Field study of plants was carried out in 2016–2019 by route-reconnaissance method with lying of accounting sites. The number of sites of 1 m² varied from 30 to 50 pieces. Raw materials were cut from each site and weighed on a wet and air-dry weight. Only well-developed samples in the generative phase were taken into account when assessing stocks.

The average value of weight from the one accounting site was recalculated per unit area, yield data was radiated. Area of areas of both species of Scabiosa was determined by equating sides with a geometric figure, measuring a figure side pedometer and calculating its area. Calculation of explotation reserve was carried out by multiplying plo-slot by yield, volume of possible collection — as 40–45 % of explotation reserve.

Statistical treatment of the results was carried out according to the method of N.L. Udolskaya [20].

Results and discussion

The study of the distribution of species showed that Scabiosa ochroleuca and Scabiosa isetensis are widespread on the territory of the Central Kazakhstan, forming seedlings suitable for raw materials harvesting.

Populations involving Scabiosa ochroleuca are timed to meadow, steppe meadow areas, forest blades, river valleys, and intervalley downsides. The meeting of plants in the mountains of Karkaraly, Kuu, Ulytau, Ortau, Kyzyltau, Aksoran, Kent, Bektauata, Buyratau, Spassky hills, on the river valleys of Nura River, Sherubai-Nura, Sarysu, Shiderts, etc. (Fig. 1).

Scabiosa isetensis is a more xerophytic species, whose populations are located to the slopes and tops of rocky nozzles, on the slopes of mountains, on steppe lowland areas. It is found in the mountains of Karkarala, Ulytau, Ortau, Kyzyltau, in the Betpakdala Desert, on the exits of the rocks of the central- kazakhstany hills.

Thickets of Scabiosa ochroleuca are noted in the territory of the Korneevsky woods, in Mountains Ulytau, Spassky hills and in Mountains Buyratau, being a part cereal — herbal varia, scabiosa — herbal var- ia, herbal varia — cereal and herbal varia — shrubby communities.

In the cereal — herbal varia community in Korneev forests (Bukhar- Zhyrau district of Karaganda region) the total projective coating was 80– 85 %, the aspect of vegetation was motley-green. In the community Calamagrosis epigeios dominated with an abundance of cop1 and a vitality of 4–5 points, the subdominant was Scabiosa ochroleuca with an abundance of sp and a vitality of 5 points (Fig. 2).

The species composition of the community is estimated by 20–25 species with an abundance of sol-sp and a vitality of 3 to 5 points. Plants are placed in 2 tiers: the upper (80–100 cm high) is represented by high-growth herbs Calamagrostis epigeios, Achillea salicifolia, Artemisia dracunculus, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Serratula cotonata; the lower tier (20 to 70 cm high) is represented by low-growth herbaceous species Vicia cracca, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium lupinaster and others.

The yield of above-ground parts of Scabiosa ochroleuca was 250 kg of dry raw material per 1 ha (Table 1).

The area of the overgrowth is estimated at 12.5 hectares. The exploitation reserve was 31.25 centners, and the volume of possible collection — 18.75 centners.

Table 1 Yield and raw material resources of Scabiosa ochroleuca in the territory of the Central Kazakhstan

Scabiosa — herbal varia communities are situated on the territory of the Ulytau Mountains (Ulytau District of Karaganda Region), live on the sub-mountain plains with settled meadows. The general projective community coverage is 95–100 %. The aspect is green with yellow spots. The dominated species in the community was Scabiosa ochroleuca with an abundance of cop1 and a vitality of 5 points, the remaining species are components with an abundance of sol-sp and a vitality of 4–5 points. Species composition is estimated in 25–27 species. The species are placed in 2 tiers: the upper one (up to 90 cm high) consists of high- edged herbs as Filipendula ulmaria, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Calamagrostis epigeios; lower tier (up to 40 cm high) form such species as Galatella angustifolia, Achillea millefolium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and others.

The total volume of communities was 22.4 ha with an average yield of 312 kg/ha of air-dry raw materials (Table 1). The exploitation reserve of raw materials of above-ground parts amounted to 69.89 centners with the volume of possible collection — 41.93 centners.

Herbal varia-cereal community is situated in Spassky hills (Bukhar-Zhyrau district of Karaganda region), located on inter-river and river valleys. The total projective cover was 75–80 %, the aspect was motly. Dominant in the community was Filipendula ulmaria with abundance of cop-sp and a vitality 4 points, codominants are Agropyron cristatum, Hordeum jubatum with abundance of sp and vitality 3–4 points. The rest species of the community (23–25 species) is composed as components with an abundance of un-sol-sp and a vitality of 3–5 points. The plant is placed in 2 tiers — upper and lower herbaceous. The upper tier (60–80 cm high) is formed by Filipendula ulmaria, Tanacetum vulgare, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Calamagrostis epigeios; lower (up to 30 cm high) consists of individuals Galatella divaricata, Sanguisorba officinalis, Trifolium arvense, etc.

The yield of Scabiosa ochroleuca was 220 kg/ha. The total area of communities involving Scabiosa was 5.6 hectares. The explotaition reserve was 12.32 centners and the volume of possible collection was 7.40 centners.

Herbal varia — shrub communities have been identified on the territory of the Buyratau Mountains (Osakarov district of Karaganda region) on lowland and foothills areas on an area of 20.8 hectares. Total pro-

jective cover was 80–90 %, aspect of motly-green. Dominant in the community was Spiraea hypericifolia with an abundance of sp and a vitality of 4 points; co-dominant was Galatella tatarica with an abundance of sp and a vitality of 3–4 points. The component composition of communities is defined in 20–22 species. In this community, species grow in 3 tiers. The upper shrub tier (100–120 cm tall) is formed by individuals of Spiraea hypericifolia; the middle tier (50–100 cm high) formed with high-growth herbs — Scabiosa ochroleuca, Calamagrostis epigeios, Alopecurus pratense, Kochia scoparia; the third tier (up to 50 cm tall) formed low herbs — Galatella tatarica, Agropyron cristatum, Lathyrus pratensis, Allium rubens and others.

The yield at this point was a maximum of 350 kg/ha (Table 1). The explotation reserve amounted to 72.80 centners, and the volume of possible collection was 43.68 centners.

Thus, the total area of detected communities with the participation of Scabiosa ochroleuca is amounted to 61.3 hectares with an exploitation reserve of 186.26 centners, the volume of possible collection of raw materials — 111.76 centners.

For Scabiosa isetensis significant overgrowth is noted in the mountains of Ulytau and Buyratau on the dry rocky areas and slopes of hills (Fig. 3). Sometimes the growth sites of both species can intersect.

In nature were noted scabiosa — festuca — herval varia and cereal — herbal varia communities with participation of Scabiosa isetensis.

Scabiosa — festuca — herval varia communities are situated to the slopes of the low scrolls and the foot of the Ulytau Mountains, mainly the southern and eastern exposition. Total projective cover ranged from 60 to 75 %, species composition was 18–20 species, vegetation aspect pale-green with motly inclusions.

In the community on the territory of the Ulytau mountains is dominated Festuca valesiaca with an abundance of cop1 and a vitality 3–4 points, co-dominant was Scabiosa isetensis with an abundance sp and a vitality 4 points. Community components have an abundance of un to sol and a vitality of 2–5 points. Due to the sparse growth of plants, no tiers have been isolated.

The area was estimated at 18.2 ha with a yield of 285 kg/ha of air-dry raw material (Table 2). The exploitation stock of raw materials is defined as 51.87 centners with the volume of possible raw materials collection of 31.12 centners.

Table 2 Yield and raw material resources of Scabiosa isetensis in the territory of the Central Kazakhstan

In the Buyratau Mountains Scabiosa isetensis lives as part of a cereal-herbal varia community. The total projective cover is 50–60 %, the vegetation aspect is motly. Individuals of Scabiosa are located to slopes of

nozzles and lowland steppe sections. In this community is dominated Stipa pennata and Agropyron cristatum with an abundance of cop1–2 and a vitality of 5 points, co-dominant was Scabiosa isetensis with an abundance of sp-cop and a vitality of 3–4 points. The remaining species 20–22 are classified as components with an abundance of un-sol-sp and a vitality of 3–5 points.

The yield of the raw material was 310 kg/ha; the exploitation reserve was estimated at 35.96 centners at the volume of possible raw material collection of 21.58 centners (Table 2).

The total area of Scabiosa isetensis is calculated at 29.8 ha, exploitation reserve is 87.83 centners, the volume of possible raw material collection is calculated at 52.70 centners.

Conclusion

On the territory of the Central Kazakhstan (Karaganda region) the main places of location and points of growth of Scabiosa ochroleuca and Scabiosa isetensis have been revealed. Populations with the participations of Scabiosa ocroleuca are located to meadow, steppe meadow areas, woods edges, river valleys, lowhill depressions. The occurrence of the plant in the mountains of Karkaraly, Kuu, Ulytau, Ortau, Kyzyltau, Aksoran, Kent, Bektauata, Buyratau, Spassky hills, on the river valleys of Nura River, Sherubai- Nura, Sarysu, Shiderty, etc.

Thickets of Scabiosa ochroleuca are noted on the territory of the Korneevsky woods, in Mountains Ulytau, Spasky hills and in Mountains Buyratau, being a part cereal — herbal varia, scabiosa — herbal varia, herbal varia — cereal and herbal varia — shrubby communities. The total area of Scabiosa ochroleuca was 61.3 hectares with an exploitation reserve of 186.26 centners, the volume of possible collection of raw materials — 111.76 centners.

Scabiosa isetensis is a more xerophytic species, whose populations are located to the slopes and tops of rocky nozzles, on the slopes of mountains, on steppe lowland areas. It is found in the mountains of Karkraly, Ulytau, Ortau, Kyzyltau, in the Betpakdala Desert, on the exits of the rocks of the central-kazakhstany hills as a part of scabiosa — festuca — herval varia and and cereal — herval varia communities. The total area of Scabiosa isetensis was 87.83 centners, and the volume of possible raw material collection is calculated at 52.70 centners.

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