Analysis of representatives of Lamiaceae family in the flora of the Central Kazakhstan

The work presents the results of research of Lamiaceae family's plants of flora of vascular plants of the Central Kazakhstan (Karaganda region). Studies have found the growth of 48 species belonging to 20 genera. This composition is 29.6 % of the total number of species and 42.6 % of the total number of genera of Kazakhstan's flora. The largest number of species recorded in the genera Thymus and Scutellaris. In the territory of the Central Kazakhstan there is a growth of 6 endemics (Hyssopus ambiguus, Lagochillus acutilobus, Thymus lavren- koanus, Th. crebrifolius, Th. rasitatus, Th.eremita), 9 species are defined as objects for protection in nature. Life forms are dominated by perennial herbaceous plants, and environmental groups include mesophytes and xerophytes. Among members of Lamiaceae family are allocated 9 practical-useful groups: fodder — 28 species, technical — 6, medicinal — 32, honey — 46, ornamental-decorative — 17, food — 7, vitamin — 5, essentialoil — 43, insecticidal — 6. The distribution of species in the territory of Karaganda region, which depends on soil and climatic conditions, has been determined.

Introduction

The study of flora of certain regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan has important theoretical and applied significance. The last comprehensive studies on flora were carried out in the 60–70 years of the 20th century [1], so it is necessary to study the flora of separated regions with a detailed characteristic of taxonomic groups.

Our attention has been drawn to the family Lamiaceae, many species of which have value as virtually potential valuable species [2–5]. For this family in the flora of Central Kazakhstan there is no full data on the full species and morphological composition, there is no information on the general distribution of species, places of localization and phytoprotective status [6]. It is of great importance to identify promising species, as this will allow to fully exploring the possibilities of using individual species in different industries.

The study of plant resources of certain regions of the Republic will allow creating a complete characteristic of valuable and rare plants, which will ensure the preservation of species diversity [7]. New botanical data and comprehensive research on selected species will allow them to be applied in new fields of science and industry, providing the local population with the necessary plant stocks.

The aim of present research is to carry out the analysis of family Lamiaceae of flora of the Karaganda region, including the taxonomical analysis, the analysis of vital forms and ecological groups, distribution, the phytosecurity status and economic and valuable properties.

Objects and methodology

The material for carrying out the research was the herbal duties stored in the herbarium funds of JSC “Scientific and production holding “Phytochemistry”, Department of Botany of Ye.A. Karaganda State University, Zhezkazgan Botanical Garden and Zhezkazgan University named after O. Baikonurov, as well as the results of its own long field.

The species of the family Lamiaceae have become objects of study. Field studies in the territory of Karaganda region have been carried out by route method with the aim of the most complete detection of taxonomic composition, study of their areas, peculiarities of ecological development and biological factors [8]. Determination of species was carried out according to conventional determinants [1, 9–11], names of taxa were indicated in accordance with S.K. Cherepanov's summary [12].

The species belonging to the ecological group was determined in relation to the humidification conditions [13], life forms were indicated by the method of I.G. Serebryakov [14].

The allocation and justification of the status of rare endangered species of the region was carried out on the basis of the own materials and works of M.S. Baytenov [15], the Red Book of Kazakhstan (2014) [16], the list of rare and endangered plants of Karaganda region [17]. The status of the species characterizes the state of populations in nature and corresponds to the designations adopted in the IUCN Plant Red Data Book (1978):

1 (E) are species found in single instances, known from one or two or more places, endangered — endangered species.

1. (V) are species whose populations are declining due to natural causes or human-induced effects of habitat change (destruction) and other factors — vulnerable species. These species are not directly threatened with extinction, but are found in either small numbers or limited territories and in specific ecological niches.
2. (R) are species whose distribution is restricted to small territories or scattered in significant territories not currently endangered, but whose numbers are declining — shrinking species (10 species).

Practical-useful groups of species are identified according to the data of scientific publication [18–26].

Results and discussion

The territory of the Central Kazakhstan (Karaganda region) is located within the continental West Siberian steppe zone and occupies a middle position in the republic. The following floristic districts are located on the territory of the Central Kazakhstan: Western small-scale miner, Eastern small-scale miner, Ulytau, Kararaly, Betpakdala [27, 28]. The climate of the Central Kazakhstan is sharply continental. Summers are hot and dry; winters are low-white, harsh, with winds and burans. The territory of the region is almost all year round in the region of high pressure.

Taxonomic analysis. At the present stage, the family Lamiceaea of the Central Kazakhstan's flora is represented by 48 species belonging to 20 genera (Table 1), which is 29.6 % of the total number of species of the flora family of Kazakhstan and 42.6 % of the total number of genera.

T able 1

Taxonomical structure Lamiceaea family in the flora of the Central Kazakhstan

By species diversity, 2 genera are central positions: Thymus L. and Scutellaria L.

So, genera Thymus L. in the flora of the Central Kazakhstan has 10 species: Th.mongolicus (Ronn.) Ronn., Th.crebrifolius Klok., Th.eremita Klok., Th. guberlinensis Iljin, Th.kirgisorum Klok., Th. lavrenkoanus Klok., Th. marschallianus Willd., Th. minussinensis Serg., Th. rasitatus Klok., Th. roseus Schipz. (Fig. 1).

Genus Scutellaria L. consists from 5 species: S. dubia Taliev et Sirj., S. galericulata L., S. grandiflora Sims., S. scordiifolia Fisch. ex Schrank., S. supina L.

The most of the genera are arranged in descending order as follows:

- genus Dragocephalum L. — 4 species (D. nutans L., D. peregrinum L., D. ruyschiana L., D. thymiflo- rum L.);

- genus Nepeta L. — 4 species (N. cataria L., N. micrantha Bunge, N. pannonica L., N. ucranica L.);

- genus Mentha L. — 3 species (M. arvensis L., M. longifolia (L.) Huds., M. micrantha (Fisch. ex Benth.) Litv.);

- genus Phlomoides Moench. — 3 species (Ph. agraria (Bunge) Adyl., Ph. puberula (Kryl. et Serg.) Adyl., R. Kam. et Machmedov; Ph. tuberosa (L.) Moench.);

- genus Galeopsis L. — 2 species (G. bifida Boenn., G. ladanum L.);

- genus Hyssopus L. — 2 species (H. ambiguus (Trautv.) Iljin, H. macranthus Boriss.);

- genus Lycopus L. — 2 species (L. europaeus L., L. exaltatus L.);

- genus Salvia L. — 2 species (S. nemerosa L., S. stepposa Schost.);

The remaining genera are represented by only 1 species:

- genus Ziziphora L. (Z. clinopodioides Lam.).

- genus Glechoma L. (G. hederacea L.);

- genus Lagochillus Bunge (L. acutilobus (Ledeb.) Fisch. et Mey);

- genus Lallemantia Fisch. et Mey (L. royleana (Benth.) Benth.);

- genus Lamium L. (L. amplexicaule L.);

- genus Leonurus L. (L. glaucescens Bunge);

- genus Lophanthus Adans. (L. schrenkii Levin);

- genus Prunella L. (P. vulgaris L.);

- genus Sideritis L. (S. montana L.);

- genus Stachys L. (S. palustris L.).

Among the 48 species, there is a growth of 6 endemic species (Hyssopus ambiguus, Lagochillus acuti- lobus, Thymus lavrenkoanus, Th. crebrifolius, Th. rasitatus, Th. eremita), which is 14 % of the total species composition.

The largest species diversity of Lamiaceae family grows in the northern, north-eastern and central regions of Karaganda region (the Central Kazakhstan), smaller number of species grows in the southern and southwestern regions, which is due to the existing difference in soil, temperature conditions and annual precipitation.

Regionally rare 8 species are proposed by us to be added to the list for protection (Table 2).

List of the Central Kazakhstan rare vascular plants and the plants in need of protection

Analysis of life forms. As a result of the ranking of plants by life forms, it was found that the following groups grow on the territory of the Central Kazakhstan: herbaceous perennials, annual, biennial and semishrub plants (Table 3).

T a b l e 3

Distribution of Lamiaceae plants of the Central Kazakhstan's flora by life forms
(according to I.G. Serebryakov)

Most species in the flora of the Central Kazakhstan are represented by herbaceous plants — 35 species or 72.9 %. Share of perennials herbaceous plants is 27 species or 72,9 % (Mentha arvensis, M.longifolia, Nep- eta cataria, Nepeta pannonica, Nepeta ucranica, Lycopus europaeus, Phlomiodes tuberosa and other); annual and biennial herbaceous species are 8 or 16,6 % (Galeopsis bifida, Lamium amplexicaule, Galeopsis ladanum, Sideritis montana).

The rest of the species belongs to semi-shrub life form — 13 species or 27,1 % (Hyssopus ambiguus, H.macranthus, Thymus lavrenkoanus, Th.rasitatus, Th. minussinensis and others).

Ecological analysis. Analysis of species by degree of alignment with different humidification conditions allowed to distinguish 5 groups: xerophytes and mesophytes — by 14 species, xeromesophytes — 5 species, mesoxerophytes — 6 species and hygrophytes — 9 species (Table 4).

T a b l e 4

Distribution of Lamiaceae plants of the Central Kazakhstan's flora by ecological groups

Mesophytes include species such as Nepeta micrantha, Dragocephalum nutans, Lophanthus schrenkii, Phlomoides agraria. Among xerophytes are Thymus rasitatus, Th. crebrifolius, Hyssopus macranthus. Among hygrophytes are Mentha arvensis, Mentha micrantha, Prunella vulgaris, Lycopus europaeus and other. Group of xeromesophytes includes 5 species, among them Ziziphora clinopodioides, Phlomoides tuberosa, Thymus marschallianus. The remaining species are classified as mesoxerophytes.

Analysis of practical-useful plants. Studying of plants of Lamiaceae family have revealed that most species exhibit not one but several useful properties. Thus, mint species are fodder, decorative, food, medicinal, essential oil plants, contain vitamins, can be used to stain wool and fabrics.

It has been revealed that among 48 taxa 43 species are classified as essential oil plants, 32 species are medicinal plants, 46 species are honey plants, 28 species are fodder plants, 6 species are technical plants, 7 species are food plants, 17 species are decorative plants and 5 species are vitamin plants (Table 5).

T a b l e 5 Distribution of Lamiaceae plants of the Central Kazakhstan's flora by practical-useful groups

Of greatest practical importance is the representative of the genera Mentha, Thymus, Dragocephalum, Phlomis.

Based on the extent and value of species, we have attempted to assess the possibilities of practical use of plants of Lamiaceae family, growing in the flora of the Central Kazakhstan.

Thus, pharmaceutical, food, perfumery and cosmetic industries are promising directions in developing Kazakhstan at the moment. One of the most important components for them is the use of their own renewable and environmentally friendly raw materials. As a supplement, the use of natural agents, that is, not of chemical origin, as the basis for the preservation of human health.

According to the available literary information [16–20], practical interest for medicine and pharmacy as medicinal plants has Ziziphora clinopodioides, Thymus marschallianus, Th.crebrifolius, Th. rasitatus, Nepeta cataria, Nepeta ucranica. These species are quite widespread in the territory of the Central Kazakhstan, there are semi-industrial reserves of raw materials.

Essential and other volatile compounds from Nepeta, Thymus and Mentha can be used to aromatize lollipops, candy, creams, soft drinks and liquor products.

Last researches [2, 4, 21] showed the possibility of using essential oils from Hyssopus ambiguus, Glechoma hederaceae, Thymus roseus for the pharmaceutical industry as the sources of antimicrobial and antifungal ointments, mixtures for inhalation, in aromatherapy, as well as for making flavors and flavorings.

Conclusion

Thus, 48 species of plants from Lamiaceae family grow in the natural flora in the territory of the Central Kazakhstan, which belonging to 20 genera, which is 29.6 % of the total number of species of the flora family of Kazakhstan and 42.6 % of the total number of genera.

Among the 48 species, 6 endemic species (Hyssopus macranthus, Lagochillus acutilobus, Thymus la- vrenkoanus, Th. crebrifolius, Th. rasitatus, Th. eremita), which is 12.5 % of the total species composition.

The leading genera are Thymus and Scutellaria. The ecological spectrum is dominated by mesophytes and xerophytes; among the life forms are herbaceous perennial, annual and biennial plants. By practical-useful species the largest group belongs to medicinal, fodder, essential oil and honey plants. The largest species diversity of Lamiaceae family' plants locate in the northern, north-eastern and central regions of Karaganda region (the Central Kazakhstan), less diversity — in the southern and south-western regions, which is due to soil and climatic conditions.

The research work, analysis of literary data and herbal materials allowed for the first time to make a complete conspectus of the flora of Lamiaceae family of the Central Kazakhstan and maps of areas of identified plant species.

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