The article considers the quantitative and typological characteristics of the monuments of historical and cultural heritage included in the state lists of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Statistical processing of data at the regional level was carried out and their indicators were compared using cartographic and infographic methods. By the number of monuments in the regions in absolute terms, it can be noted that the monuments of history and culture are distributed in the territory of the republic extremely unevenly. Visibility allows the regions to be identified as leaders and outsiders by this indicator. The largest number of historical and cultural monuments is registered in the territory of West Kazakhstan region, the smallest in Kyzylorda region. Absolute quantitative data are not sufficiently representative, since the number of monuments can be determined by the area. For this reason, work was done to determine the density of monuments on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on the number of monuments per square kilometer. According to this indicator, the region is also the youngest from each other. The highest density of monuments in the republic is in West Kazakhstan region, the lowest — in Kostanay. As can be seen from the maps and diagrams, the gap in the number of monuments is simply colossal. This kind of imbalance demonstrates the difference in the approach to identifying monuments of history and culture and their inclusion in state lists. All this allows us to single out 2 factors that can affect the number of monuments of historical and cultural heritage. Objectively, no so many monuments have saved due to various factors. Such as natural and climatic conditions for this reason, some monuments could be lost (mudflows, floods, earthquakes, etc.). Subjectively, the number of historical and cultural monuments may depend on the activity of state bodies in the field of protection of monuments. The recognition of objects of historical and cultural heritage as monuments of history and culture is confirmed by their approval in the State List of Historical and Cultural Monuments of international, republican and local significance, subject to mandatory official publication.
Introduction
The preservation of historical and cultural heritage is one of the priority tasks facing the state and the public today. Monuments provide a stable link between modern society and its historical past. This leads to a social demand for their preservation. Monuments of material culture are very vulnerable. Silent witnesses of antiquity, they are often the only sources of our country history for a number of chronological periods. However, time sometimes destroys them — temperature changes, river flooding, weathering, and many other factors affect their condition. But the fact that some of them withstood the impact of natural factors for centuries, it turned out to be defenseless against the anthropogenic factor. Industrialization, the expansion of farmland, and the dynamic growth of the population demonstrate a threat to historical and cultural monuments.
The good example of this situation can be Karaganda region. On the one hand, this region is extremely rich in ancient monuments. There are archaeological sites left by the most ancient people of the stone and bronze ages, barrows of nomads of antiquity and the Middle Ages, medieval urban culture, monuments of folk Kazakh architecture, as well as objects of urban planning and architecture of the imperial and Soviet times. Rich lands of Sary-arka and favorable strategic location determined the richness of Karaganda region with historical and cultural monuments.
In the conditions of modern Kazakhstan, this region has become a platform for the implementation of numerous projects related to the development of agriculture, communications and the extractive industry. Irrigated agriculture, construction of infrastructure facilities, development of coal, ore and other mineral deposits are undoubtedly the most important basis for its socio-economic development. However, this type of activity, which is inextricably linked to significant amounts of earthworks, carries a potential danger to historical and cultural monuments. In addition to large land users, average residents of the region and small businesses in the course of their economic and other activities, also cause damage to cultural monuments.
Results and discussion
The source base is the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Various normative documents of regional significance and municipal level (state lists of historical and cultural monuments of local significance) are of great importance. It is worth mentioning the Internet resources involved in the work, which include official websites of ministries and departments containing information and scientific publications on the subject under study.
When writing the article were used General scientific (analysis; synthesis; mathematical-statistical method (collecting, processing, analyzing quantitative data, calculating averages, interest, group statistics on a specific basis, drawing tables)) and the special historical methods (historical-typological, historical, systematic, etc.).
Discussion
The legal status of historical and cultural monuments, as well as mechanisms for their protection, are regulated by the Law of the Kazakhstan Republic «The protection and usage of historical and cultural heritage objects» dated December 26, 2019 No. 288-VI [1].
According to article 5 of this law, «historical and cultural monuments in the Kazakhstan Republic are subject to mandatory protection and preservation in accordance with the procedure provided by this Law, have a special legal authority for their usage, change of ownership rights to them and deprivation of their status» [2].
Historical and cultural monuments are registered on the basis of State lists of national and local significance historical and cultural monuments, registration cards and passports of historical and cultural heritage objects.
An important component of the activities of local Executive bodies authorized to monitor the protection of historical and cultural heritage is the identification and registration of cultural monuments.
The Center for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage of the Department of culture, archives and documentation of the Karaganda region is actively working in this direction. The result of its activity is the inclusion of 1536 objects in the State list of historical and cultural monuments by local significance in the Karaganda region. According to this indicator, Karaganda region occupies the 2nd place in the Republic.
Historical and cultural monuments are objects of historical and cultural heritage included in the State list of historical and cultural monuments [3].
According to the Law of December 26, 2019, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 groups: monuments of archeology, monuments of urban planning and architecture, ensembles and complexes, sacred objects, structures of monumental art [2].
- archaeological sites — Sites, settlements, remnants of ancient buildings, settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, burial grounds, mounds, necropolises, megalithic structures, stone sculptures, petro glyphs, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements and other places that have traces of human life and activity [3];
- monuments of urban planning and architecture — architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, blocks, squares, streets, structures of civil, residential, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, decorative, applied and landscape art, natural landscapes [3];
- ensembles and complexes are groups of isolated or combined monuments, buildings and structures of fortification of the Palace, residential, public, administrative, commercial, industrial, scientific, educational, and religious purposes, including fragments of historical planning and settlement buildings that are localized on historically formed territories; [3];
- religious objects — historical and memorable places, man-made and natural places of worship, landscapes, structures associated with outstanding historical events and personalities, as well as spiritual values of the people [3];
- Buildings of monumental art — works of monumental art (monuments, steles, busts), established to perpetuate the memory of outstanding personalities, significant historical events [3].
The total number of monuments according to the state list of historical and cultural monuments of national significance on the territory of Kazakhstan is 218. The number of local significance monuments is 11,404, which are located in 14 regions and 2 cities of national significance. Seven of these monuments are designated as natural monuments and are located in the Almaty region. Also, 24 monuments were excluded by the decree of the local administrations.
Table 1 Distribution of historical and cultural monuments by region
|
Region\city |
Total amount |
Archeologies |
Urban planning and architecture |
Ensembles |
Excluded |
Natures |
|
NKR [4] |
593 |
436 |
156 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Kostanay [5] |
722 |
635 |
85 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
Pavlodar [6] |
280 |
199 |
81 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Akmola [7] |
1032 |
976 |
56 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Astana [8] |
45 |
11 |
34 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Atyrau [9] |
313 |
172 |
84 |
57 |
0 |
0 |
|
WKR [10] |
2009 |
1965 |
43 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
Aktobe [11] |
650 |
545 |
98 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
|
Mangystau [12] |
570 |
352 |
60 |
158 |
0 |
0 |
|
Karaganda [13] |
1538 |
1079 |
429 |
29 |
1 |
0 |
|
EKR [14] |
612 |
319 |
259 |
17 |
17 |
0 |
|
Almaty region [15] |
1519 |
1251 |
261 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
|
Zhambyl [16] |
713 |
603 |
108 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
Kyzylorda [17] |
256 |
82 |
174 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
SKR [18] |
434 |
378 |
55 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
Almaty [19] |
118 |
11 |
101 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
|
Total |
11404 |
9014 |
2084 |
273 |
24 |
7 |
The data shows the following situation in the country:
There are 9014 archaeological monuments, which is 79 % of the total number of monuments. Archaeological monuments take precedence under other types of monuments. This is due to the long period of archaeological material accumulation from the stone age to the middle ages. Archaeological sites are diverse and numerous. There are 2084 monuments of urban planning and architecture, which is 18 % of the total number of monuments. The smaller number of urban planning and architecture monuments is due to a shorter period of accumulation and narrow specifics. Monuments of this type are divided into monuments of local folk architecture, as well as Russian, Soviet and modern. Folk architecture is more widely represented in Southern, Central and Western Kazakhstan. Monuments of the colonial period are widely represented in the regions that were actively developed by the imperial administration — these are the territories along the Ural and Irtysh rivers, etc.
There are 283 ensembles in the Republic, which is 3 % of all types of monuments on the territory of Kazakhstan. This is the smallest group of monuments. It is very specific. On the one hand, ensembles are not as widespread as other types of monuments. On the other hand, selecting an ensemble is a complex methodological task. It is possible that real ensembles are not always registered under this category, but are listed as monuments of archeology or urban planning and architecture.
After a General calculation of the number of historical and cultural monuments in the country, there was done statistical data processing at the regional level. We compared their indicators using cartographic and info graphic methods.
There are 30 ensembles, 1103 monuments of archeology and 403 monuments of urban planning and architecture in the Karaganda region.
Based on figure 2, by the number of monuments in the regions in absolute values, it can be noted that historical and cultural monuments are distributed very unequally on the territory of the Republic.
Visibility allows you to determine the regions that are leaders and outsiders by this indicator.
The largest number of historical and cultural monuments is registered in the territory of the West Kazakhstan region, the smallest in the Kyzylorda region.
Table 2 Density of historical and cultural monuments by region
|
Region/City |
Area (sq. km) |
Number of monuments |
Density of monuments per square km |
|
NKR |
97993 |
593 |
0,006 |
|
Kostanay |
196 001 |
722 |
0,0001 |
|
Pavlodar |
124 755 |
280 |
0,0021 |
|
Akmola |
146 219 |
1032 |
0,007 |
|
Astana |
810 |
45 |
0,055 |
|
Atyrau |
118 631 |
313 |
0,002 |
|
WKR |
151 339 |
2009 |
0,013 |
|
Aktobe |
300 629 |
650 |
0,002 |
|
Mangystau |
165 642 |
570 |
0,003 |
|
Karaganda |
427 982 |
1538 |
0,003 |
|
EKR |
283 226 |
612 |
0,002 |
|
Almaty region |
223 911 |
1519 |
0,007 |
|
Zhambyl |
144 264 |
713 |
0,004 |
|
Kyzylorda |
226 019 |
256 |
0,001 |
|
SKR |
116 280 |
434 |
0,003 |
|
Almaty |
682 |
118 |
0,17 |
|
Total |
2724383 |
11404 |
0,004 |
Conclusions
Absolute quantitative data is not sufficiently representative, because the number of monuments can be determined by the area. For this reason, there has been done for determining the density of monuments on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on the number of monuments per square kilometer.
By this indicator, the regions also differ significantly from each other. The highest density of monuments in the Republic is in West Kazakhstan region, the lowest-in Kostanay region.
As you can see from the maps and diagrams, the gap in the number of monuments is simply huge. This kind of imbalance demonstrates the difference in the approach of identifying historical and cultural monuments and including them in state lists.
Figure 6 shows the difference in the density of monuments between West Kazakhstan and Kostanay regions. A comparison of districts was carried out. If the West Kazakhstan region is significantly outnumbered by the number of monuments, Karaganda region shows high indicators within the normal distribution. It based on the organizational capabilities of the local authorities responsible for identifying and taking measures for protection historical and cultural heritage sites that shows good results on the national background.
There are 2 factors that can affect the number of monuments of historical and cultural heritage. Objectively, not many monuments have been preserved due to various factors. For this reason, some monuments may have been lost (mudslides, floods, earthquakes, etc.).
Subjectively, the number of historical and cultural monuments may depend on the activity of state bodies in the field of monument protection. Thus, in the Law «The protection and use of objects of historical and cultural heritage», Objects of historical and cultural heritage acquire the status of historical and cultural monuments from the moment they are recognized as such in accordance to the procedure established by this Law [20]. For making a decision on the inclusion of historical and cultural heritage objects in the State list of historical and cultural monuments, documents are submitted in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Kazakhstan Republic. Recognition of historical and cultural heritage objects as historical and cultural monuments is secured by their approval in the State list of historical and cultural monuments of international, national and local significance, liable to mandatory official publication. Памятники археологии приобретают статус памятников истории и культуры с момента их выявления.
It can also be noted that regions with low density of monuments need to strengthen the work on identifying and including historical and cultural monuments in the state lists of the Kazakhstan Republic.
Recommendations
It should be noted that regions with a low density of monuments need to intensify efforts to identify and include them in state monuments of history and culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This work can be used in the future as a statistical database on the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, which operates in accordance with the data of the Ministry of Culture and Sports and local executive bodies, in the administrative bodies of culture, documentation and under the akimats of the region and cities of republican significance.
References
- Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 26 dekabria 2019 hoda № 288-VI «Ob okhrane i ispolzovanii obektov istoriko-kulturnoho naslediia» [Law of the Kazakhstan Republic dated December 26, 2019 No. 288-VI «The protection and use of historical and cultural heritage objects»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/m/document/? doc_id=34894354 [in Russian].
- Statia 5 Zakona Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 26 dekabria 2019 hoda «Ob okhrane i ispolzovanii obektov istoriko-kulturnoho naslediia». [Article 5 of the Kazakhstan Republic Law dated December 26, 2019 «The protection and use of historical and cultural heritage objects»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/m/document/? doc_id=34894354#sub_id=50000 [in Russian].
- Statia 3 Zakona Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 26 dekabria 2019 hoda «Ob okhrane i ispolzovanii obektov istoriko-kulturnoho naslediia [Article 3 of the Kazakhstan Republic Law dated December 26, 2019 «The protection and use of historical and cultural heritage objects»] online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/m/document/? doc_id=34894354#sub_id=30000 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Severo-Kazakhstanskoi oblasti ot 20 dekabria 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Severo-Kazakhstanskoi oblasti»[Resolution of the local administration of the North Kazakhstan region dated December 20, 2010 «On the historical and cultural monuments approval of local significance in the North Kazakhstan region to the State list»]. adilet.zan.kz. Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V20S0006296 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Pavlodarskoi oblasti ot 29 iiulia 2013 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Pavlodarskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the local administration of the Pavlodar region dated July 29, 2013 «On the historical and cultural monuments approval of local significance in the Pavlodar region»] adilet.zan.kz. Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V20P0006840 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Kostanaiskoi oblasti ot 1 iiunia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Kostanaiskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the local administration of the Kostanay region dated June 1, 2010 «On the historical and cultural monuments approval of local significance in the Kostanay region»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/m/document/? doc_id=32103996 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Akmolinskoi oblasti ot 1 iiunia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia» [Resolution of the local administration of the Kostanay region dated June 1, 2010 «On the historical and cultural monuments approval of local significance in the Kostanay region»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=30780484 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata horoda Astany ot 3 iiunia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia horoda Astany» [Resolution of Astana city local administrations dated June 3, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of Astana city to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=30777686 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie Atyrauskoho oblastnoho akimata ot 23 noiabria 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Atyrauskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the Atyrau regional local administration dated November 23, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the Atyrau region to the State list»]. adilet.zan.kz. Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V10T0002581 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Zapadno-Kazakhstankskoi oblasti ot 28 iiulia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Zapadno-Kazakhstanskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the West Kazakhstan region local administration dated July 28, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the West Kazakhstan region to the State list»]. zakon.uchet.kz. Retrieved from https://zakon.uchet.kz/rus/docs/V05Z0002926 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Aktiubinskoi oblasti ot 4 iiunia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Aktiubinskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the Aktobe region local administration dated June 4, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the Aktobe region to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=33828126 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie Manhistauskoho oblastnoho akimata ot 28 iiulia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia» [Resolution of Mangystau regional local administrations dated July 28, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance to the State list]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=35638438 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Karahandinskoi oblasti ot 16 aprelia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Karahandinskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the Governor's office of the Karaganda region dated April 16, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the Karaganda region to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=30763567 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie Vostochno-Kazakhstanskoho oblastnoho akimata ot 25 aprelia 2008 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury znacheniia Vostochno-Kazakhstanskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the Akimat of Almaty region dated April 27, 2010 «On approval of the State list of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the East Kazakhstan re- gion»»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/m/Document/? doc_id=31591259 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Almatinskoi oblasti ot 27 aprelia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Almatinskoi oblasti» [Resolution of Almaty region local administrations dated April 27, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the Almaty region to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=30777109 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Zhambylskoi oblasti ot 14 aprelia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia» [Resolution of the Zhambyl region local administration dated April 14, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=38274845 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie Kyzylordinskoho oblastnoho akimata ot 25 maia 2015 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia» [Resolution of the Kyzylordalocal administration dated may 25, 2015 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance to the state list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=32382083 [in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata Yuzhno-Kazakhstanskoi oblasti ot 9 iiunia 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia Yuzhno-Kazakhstanskoi oblasti» [Resolution of the South Kazakhstan region local administration dated June 9, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of South Kazakhstan region to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=30791301[in Russian].
- Postanovlenie akimata horoda Almaty ot 10 noiabria 2010 hoda «Ob utverzhdenii Hosudarstvennoho spiska pamiatnikov istorii i kultury mestnoho znacheniia horoda Almaty» [Resolution of the Almaty local administration dated November 10, 2010 «On the approval of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of the Almaty city to the State list»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/? doc_id=30906933&corr=30906933&status=0&excludeArcBuh=0#pos=54;- 110&doclist_pos=664 [in Russian].
- Statia 4 Zakona Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 26 dekabria 2019 hoda «Ob okhrane i ispolzovanii obyektov istoriko-kulturnoho naslediia». [Article 4 of the Kazakhstan Republic Law dated December 26, 2019 «The protection and usage of historical and cultural heritage objects»]. online.zakon.kz. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/m/document/? doc_id=34894354#sub_id=40000 [in Russian].