Features of personnel management in the public service system of the republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract

Object: It is a social relations, developing in the sphere of formation of the civil service in the Republic of Kazakhstan. National and other countries experience indicate that it is impossible to create an effective public service system without developing scientifically based and verified concepts and features of personnel management in the public service system, which would eliminate systemic contradictions in the legal regulation. The growth of scientific interest in the problems of theory and practice of public service has objective grounds of the study.

Methods: Methods of grouping and classification, as well as methods of mathematical modeling, were used in the processing and systematization of data. An econometric model was constructed.

Findings: While investigating the features of personnel management in the system of civil service of Kazakhstan, it was revealed that the civil service is based on certain principles, on the basis of which it is possible to carry out personnel planning to respond to changes in the needs of the public service. The authors hypothesized, there is a relationship between the indicator "Services in the field of public administration; services in the field of mandatory social security" and the factor "The list number of employees in the field, mandatory social security" and "The average monthly salary of civil servants". A regression analysis was performed to prove or disprove this hypothesis.

Conclusions: Based on the analysis we can say with confidence, the hypothesis put forward about the relationship between the indicators in previous stage are confirmed.

The authors comes to the conclusion that the staffing of civil servants is a necessary management process, since the effectiveness of the activities of public authorities is largely determined by the quantity and quality of resources for effective public administration.

Introduction

The public service is one of the most important mechanisms for shaping public policy, since it is within the framework of this institution that processes are generated that directly affect the direction and content of the political course, the choice of social priorities and the definition of political and economic strategies.

Today, almost all countries of the world take an active position in the framework of legal support for the institution of public service. In each country, the organizational issues of the state apparatus are among the key ones. The Institute of public administration in modern countries thanks to the legislative design has gained quite clear contours that distinguish politicians in the public administration, where one of the most important problems of public personnel management services is the formation and development of personnel potential as a multidimensional and complex process, which shows the relationship of legal, regulatory and procedural aspects and the expected enrichment of many social and managerial settings, first of all, such as the professional growth of employees, changes in their social values, moral attitudes, changes in the age, professional qualification, tender structure of personnel, and other quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Today, as a result of consistent reforms in Kazakhstan, a unique model has been created based on the principles of meritocracy, efficiency and accountability to society. In the framework of realization of the Plan "100 steps" improved systems of recruitment, training and promotion of personnel, introduce modern human resource management tools to improve the quality of civil servants.

^*Corresponding author.

E-mail address: ego-uk@mail.ru

International experts say that the main condition for success in modernizing the civil service is the political will of the President of the country to develop and strengthen statehood.

Literature Review

Administrative reforms and, in particular, civil service reform in post-Soviet countries in the last 25 years was due not just to the need to implement state-building in the former Soviet republics, but also the influence of global trends associated with the crisis of the welfare state, social tectonic shifts in the modern world, where the emergence of supranational institutions and the development of civil society necessitated a serious transformation of the traditional ("Weberian") model of public administration (Bespalov, 2015).

In their research Dosymbekova R.Sh. focuses on the personnel component in the process of implementing administrative reform, transformation and optimization of state bodies. The issues of organizational efficiency, new technological processes in the activities of civil servants are considered. The formation of Kazakhstan's statehood is closely interrelated with a wide range of issues of theoretical and practical understanding of personnel management in the public service system (Dosymbekova, 2015).

According to Sheluntsov A.M., the improvement of the personnel management system is currently a priority of the strategic goals for the development of the personnel policy of any organization (Sheluntsova, 2018). This issue is particularly acute for state institutions, since at the moment there is an increase in the complexity of all aspects of the functioning of the state body (Suleimenova, 2016).

Constitutional changes in the field of public administration reform in Kazakhstan are links in one logical chain of strategic changes in the policy of forming a strong state (Zhumagulov, 2019).

High-quality public administration should become one of the factors that ensure sustainable economic development, improve the quality of life of the population and increase the overall competitiveness of the state. For Kazakhstan, the significance of the concept of state management is determined primarily by the search for approaches that are adequate to the new realities, aimed at improving the management system, introducing market mechanisms into state and local management structures, as well as developing the economy of Kazakhstan (Kadyrov et al., 2016).

In her research, E. A. Bakhtairova conducts a comparative analysis of the civil service organization systems of Russia's partner countries in the Eurasian economic Union (Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan). The modern civil service is an institution designed to ensure the fulfillment of state powers, the implementation of laws and functions of the state. After its transformation, which took place in all countries in the post-Soviet space in the 1990s and 2000s, it acquired some common features, which were determined by the ideology of reforming States and their institutions based on the experience of foreign countries, mainly models of the continental and Anglo-Saxon type, while maintaining some differences. Further development of States in the context of modern world trends, the emergence of new challenges in the early XXI century led to changes in the systems of legislation on public service (Bakhtairova, 2019).

Today, the issue of finding ways to ensure the global competitiveness of this integration Association is relevant, where one of the basic factors for ensuring global competitiveness is the effectiveness of state institutions, one of which is the Institute of public service (Meteleva E.R., Anufrieva A.A., Devyatova N.S, 2019).

In accordance with the statement of Baranova S. A., the state service is interpreted as an institution for conducting public Affairs, implementing laws and functions of the state (Baranova, 2018).

The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "on public service" does not directly distinguish the types of public service, but it is noted that the law applies to: all civil servants; administrative civil servants appointed by local representative bodies; civil servants undergoing law enforcement service, with the features provided for by legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on law enforcement service (State Law, 2020).

Conducting research on the main reference models of the Institute of public service, Mamitova N.V. noted that in all States, without exception, the historical experience of the formation and development of the Institute of public service is used. The main attention in the process of state-legal transformations is focused on effective technologies and principles of organization and activity of officials (Mamitova, 2017).

Stelina J. on the basis of system-structural analysis, as well as comparative legal comparison, examines the conceptual foundations of the legal status of civil servants in the legal systems of States, where he con-

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siders theoretical models of the legal institution of public service, determining the place of this institution in the legal system (Stelina, 2019).

In his research, Borshchevsky G. A. States that the civil service is a political and administrative institution created to meet the needs for professional execution of political decisions and ensuring daily contact between society and the institutions of political power (Borschevskiy, 2018).

Methods

Public service as a specific, professional activity of a special layer of people associated with the performance of managerial functions in society is based on certain principles, which are expressed in the form of requirements that ensure the functionality of the institution of public service as a whole.

Investigating the features of personnel management in the public service system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, we note that in total, the public service in Kazakhstan consists of almost 100,000 people, the vast majority of whom (almost 98,000) belong to the "B"corps. For a clearer understanding of the division of civil servants into categories, we define their meaning (Figure 1).

Exploring the features of personnel management in the civil service system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, we note that in total, almost 100,000 people are employed in the civil service in Kazakhstan, the vast majority of whom (almost 98,000) belong to the "B" corps.

Compared to 2017, the number of employees of the "A" corps has decreased by more than a third: from 519 to 279 people; however, the number of employees of the "B" corps has not changed much. This reduction is more noticeable in Central state bodies (from 207 to 63 people) than in local ones (from 296 to 216 people) (Data of The Agency for Public Service and Anti-Corruption, 2018).

The report "Monitoring the state of civil service personnel" does not contain information on the degree of quantitative and qualitative compliance of personnel in various categories with the tasks set, as well as on the reasons for increasing or reducing the number of certain groups of civil servants (National report, 2020). However, it is noted that the number of civil servants in senior management positions has decreased in Kazakhstan (Table 1) (Data of The Agency for Public Service and Anti-Corruption, 2018).

Серия «Экономика». № 1(101)/2021

Table 1. Number of civil servants in senior management positions.

According to the statistics Committee, in the first quarter of 2020, the list number of employees engaged in General public administration, as well as socio-economic management, amounted to 207.6 thousand people. A little less – 203.7 thousand people-are engaged in "providing public services to society as a whole." About a thousand more people are employed in the field of compulsory social insurance (Figure 2) (Data of Information and Analytical Center, 2019).

Thus, the total number of employees in the sphere of "Public administration and defense; mandatory social security" is 412.2 thousand people. And this does not include teachers, doctors, or employees of cultural objects.

For example, the population of the Republic as of April 1, 2019 was 18 million 690 thousand people. Therefore, on average, there is one civil servant for every 44 people in the Republic (including infants and the elderly). In addition, in comparison with October-December 2019, the list number increased by 0.3% -

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Вестник Карагандинского университета

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this is approximately 1.2 thousand people. But over the year, the number decreased by 0.5%. Civil servants make up 10.8% of all employees in the Republic.

Results

The author hypothesized that there is a relationship between the indicator "Services in the field of public administration and defense; services in the field of mandatory social security" and such factors as "The list number of employees in the field of "Public administration and defense; mandatory social security" and "The average monthly salary of civil servants". To prove or refute this hypothesis, a regression analysis of statistical data was performed (Table 2) (Data of the Committee on Statistics, 2019).

The calculations showed that the value of the multiple correlation coefficient for the model R = 0.972 is close to 1, so we can talk about a strong correlation between the resulting variable and the factors under consideration. The regression equation as a whole, as well as its individual parameters, are statistically significant and reliable, at appropriate levels of significance.

Therefore, having obtained a positive value in the regression equation of the effective indicator, we can say with confidence that our hypothesis about the relationship between the indicator "Public administration and defense services; mandatory social security services" and the factors "List number of employees in the field of Public administration and Defense; mandatory social security "and" Average monthly salary of civil servants "is confirmed.

We estimate the degree of influence of each factor on the resulting variable, for which we calculate the average elasticity coefficients for the aggregate:

E1=1.761%, E2=0.914%

The results obtained indicate that the factor "List number of employees in the field of Public administration and defense; mandatory social security" has a greater impact on the volume of services in the field of public administration and defense; services for mandatory social security than the factor "Average monthly salary of civil servants".

Most OECD countries have a human resources planning system that ensures that there is sufficient human resources to provide the necessary public services. Kazakhstan is one of the countries where there are no orderly HR planning processes. HR planning helps you anticipate the future and respond to changing public service needs in cost-effective ways. If we consider by type of economic activity, the situation is as follows (Figure 3) (Data of Information and Analytical Center, 2019).

In the public administration and defense a third more workers than in the whole manufacturing industry, twice that in trade and 6 times more than in agriculture.

The results of the evaluation of the effectiveness of human resources management in public bodies of Kazakhstan, conducted by the Astana hub in the field of civil service and the United Nations development Program (UNDP), allow us to conclude that in terms of the number of civil servants, human resources potential is a problem for the country's public administration.

The nature of education of civil servants in Kazakhstan is quite diverse, which can be considered an advantage, since public procurement requires versatile skills. The majority of civil servants with higher education studied Economics or business (37.5%) or law (25.3%). Other popular areas of education include technical Sciences and technology (9.3%) or education (7.5%).

If we consider the regional aspect, the list number of employees employed in public administration is as follows (Figure 4) (Data of Information and Analytical Center, 2019).

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Nur-Sultan located both for the city and Republican authorities. Therefore, the number of civil servants in the capital is large – 40.9 thousand people. But this region is not a leader – there are almost 15% more of them in the East Kazakhstan region.

In the North Kazakhstan region, the region with the smallest population, there are a quarter more civil servants than in Shymkent – a city of national significance, which has twice as many people as in the entire North Kazakhstan region.

In the two-million-strong Almaty region, there are 35% more officials than in the Turkestan region, where only 38 thousand fewer people live

In the Turkestan region, there are 12.8 civil servants per 1000 inhabitants, and in Almaty and Shymkent – just over 14. In Nur-Sultan – more than 35, East Kazakhstan and North Kazakhstan regions- more than 33.

If we consider the situation in the size of the gender, men significantly predominate. Their list number at the end of the first quarter was 262 thousand people against 150.3 thousand women. Moreover, there is no area where the situation was the opposite.

The most "male" regions are located in the South: the share of women in the civil service in Shymkent is 23.8%, in the Turkestan region-26.7%, in Almaty – 31.5%. The highest percentage equality is in the Pavlodar region, where the share of women is 46.5% (Figure 5) (Data of Information and Analytical Center, 2019).

Note-Compiled on the basis of the source: Electronic resource: Data Of the Committee on statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2019. //www.stat.gov.kz

More than 50% of all employees are under the age of 34. The share of young people only in financial and insurance activities is higher (54.2%). At the same time:

 there are more civil servants under the age of 24 than employees of information and communications, financial and insurance activities, and real estate operations combined;

 at the age of 24-28 years-more than in health care, mining, professional, scientific and technical activities;

 at the age of 29-34 years-more than in the manufacturing industry.

The share of employees aged 45-54 years is only 15% - there is no less in any other type of economic activity. There are only 6% of pre-retirement employees in the state administration. This is almost half as much as in healthcare and industry.

At the same time:

• more men work in the public service than in the mining sector, education, water and electricity supply;
• there are more women in the civil service than in the catering, hotel sector, transport companies, administrative and auxiliary services, as well as in the field of entertainment and recreation.

According to experts, today the Kazakh public service meets international standards in many respects, and is ahead of them in some respects. Thus, Kazakhstan, unlike a number of developed countries, has avoided the problem of aging of the state apparatus and gender imbalance. Today, the average age of a civil servant is 39, compared to 44 in 1991. 55% of women work in the civil service in Kazakhstan, while in Italy, Belgium, and Spain this figure is 50% (Data for Benchmarking Civil Service Reform, 2018).

"OECD experts assess Kazakhstan's public service as professional, with strategic elements. In practice, this means that-due to the fact that the principle of meritocracy has been introduced for civil servants. Personnel selection is based on competencies, and ethical requirements are standardized. As for the strategic elements, our system is characterized by attractiveness, as well as the ability to quickly respond to changes (Data of Information and Analytical Center, 2019).

In the current year 2020, in order to further improve the selection tools for the administrative public service, taking into account the recommendations of the OECD, the following tasks are proposed::

• introduction of direct competitive selection for corps a positions, which minimizes the possibility of politicization of such appointments and will help attract professionals from the private sector;
• working out a step-by-step transition from checking the candidates of the corps "B" for knowledge of the law in favor of determining their level of competence, while expanding the Agency's role in the selection for public service.

As measures aimed at further improving the public service system and ensuring the transition to the next stage of development of the state apparatus-the strategic innovation model, the following should be attributed:

1. study the possibility of introducing strategic personnel planning, as well as institutional improvement of the civil service;
2. working out the issue of introducing the practice of moving on the "center-region" principle for employees of the highest Central state bodies with the possibility of returning to the sending body;
3. modernizing the selection system for posts of corps "A" with the introduction of direct competition, and the transition from the verification of candidates for corps "B" on the knowledge of the law in favor of determining their level of competence by expanding the Agency's role;
4. continue work on optimizing the expenses of state bodies and subordinate organizations for the transition to a new system of remuneration;
5. elaboration of the issue of conceptual revision of the Law "on public services", including the introduction of the concept of " socially significant service»;
6. study of the optimal ratio of industry and support personnel, the feasibility of introducing the Institute of contract civil servants;
7. working out the issue of building an optimal management structure for the state apparatus, retaining strategic and regulatory functions for state bodies, and transferring implementation functions to subordinate organizations.

Conclusions

The current stage in the country's development, the high turbulence of the global situation, the steadily increasing gap between developed and developing countries, and, as a result, the complexity and versatility of the tasks facing Kazakhstan, require qualitatively new approaches to public administration, where an effective state personnel policy should become a powerful tool for transforming the state's activities in all areas.

The results obtained indicate that the factor "List number of employees in the field of Public administration and defense; mandatory social security" has a greater impact on the volume of services in the field of public administration and defense; services for mandatory social security than the factor "Average monthly salary of civil servants".

The formation of a modern, professional and Autonomous state apparatus and its continuous improvement is one of the decisive factors for the further stable and progressive development of Kazakhstan, as well as its response to global challenges.

Thus, based on the analysis of the state of public service personnel, several goals can be identified, the implementation of which will significantly increase the efficiency of personnel work in state bodies and increase the level of professionalism of employees:

 first, a competitive environment should be created in the system of the state apparatus with the involvement of modern technologies and high innovation management;

 secondly, it is necessary to ensure a close two-way relationship with civil society, which implies a deep involvement of state authorities and the General public in the formation of regulations governing the activities of the civil service.

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