The article considers modern approaches of the analysis of monetary policy instruments on the activities of credit institutions. This also investigates features and tendencies of development of the Republic of Kazakhstan monetary policy in the post-crisis period, and identifies the main problems, which reduce monetary regulation efficiency.
Problem statement. The financial sector of Kazakhstan was one of the first to suffer the negative impact of the global financial and economic crisis. This manifested in reduction of potential of domestic credit institutions to attract external financial resources and, therefore, the reduction of credit provision to domestic economy. The government and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan were quickly adopted and implemented a set of priority measures aimed at mitigating the negative effects of instability of the world financial and commodity markets. Under these conditions, the National Bank of Kazakhstan, in response to situation change, shifted the focus of monetary policy in favor of promoting the stability of the financial system. To provide banks with short-term liquidity, the National Bank has increased the volume of the reverse REPO operations and began to conduct currency SWAP operations and to provide short-term loans on the security of banks correspondent accounts balances in the National Bank. There were positive changes in 2010 already. In particular the trend of substitution of external funding with internal funding sources was continued. Confidence of the public in the credit system and national currency of Kazakhstan was maintained. This is well illustrated by such factors as the growth of resident deposit in 2010 by 12.5% up to 7398 billion, according to the National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK). In the first half of 2014, deposits amounted to more than 11 trillion tenge [1].
According to the Concept of development of the Republic of Kazakhstan financial sector until 2030 one of the issues of further development of credit institutions is the solution of existing high level problems of non-performing loans and a lack of longterm funding sources, negatively impacting the credit activity of banks [2].
Issues of credit institutions activities monetary regulation efficiency improvement are of particular relevance, in order to promote lending into economy, to achieve financial stability, to improve the investment climate and to create conditions for economic growth.
Analysis of recent researches and publications. Monetary instruments of economic processes regulation are in the center of attention of manyresearchers and economists. The defining role of monetary regulation methods was justified way back by monetarism representatives. According to M. Friedman, it is possible to achieve economic stability most quickly and effectively, using monetary regulation methods [3]. We can mention the works of M. Lewis, P. Mizen, G. Taylor, S.Walsh among subsequent researches of different aspects of monetary policy [4, 5, 6]. Works of such Russian scientists as V. Zhukovskiy, A. Aganbegyan, M. Yershov, S. Moiseev, A. Ulyukayev and others, were dedicated to the issues of monetary policy improvement [7, 8, 9, 10]. Works of N. Kuchukova, L. Sembiyeva and others, research problems of realization of monetary policy in Kazakhstan [11, 12].
Highlighting previously unresolved parts of common issue. In order to make adequate decisions, related to monetary policy, it is necessary to assess the significance of the impact of individual methods and tools on credit institutions activities.
The purpose of study based on the analysis of development tendencies of monetary policy, conducted by the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bank and to identify its impact on credit institutions activities.
The main results of study. In order to impact activities of credit institutions the National Bank of Kazakhstan uses the indirect classic instruments of monetary policy, such as operations on open market, constant mechanisms, and minimum reserve requirements.
Under the interest rate policy the NBK sets the official refinancing rate, the interest rate on reverse REPO operations, in order to influence market interest rates on the financial market in the monetary policy framework.
Central banks in their modern practice, affect the value of the monetary base, by adjusting the level of refinancing rates. In case of increased demand for credit resources and the threat of the economy "overheating", Central banks use a policy of "dear money", increasing the refinancing rate. The increase of interest rates reduces the demand of credit institutions for credit and reduces the amount of reserve balances (cash basis). Changes of monetary base lead to corresponding changes in the money supply, increased with the money multiplier effect. Due to rising cost of credit, demand for investment is reduced, slowing the growth of production and inflation, increasing the unemployment. In the event of economic activity downturn, stagnant production, Central banks use the policy of "cheap money" by marking down the refinancing rate, thereby expanding the volume of credit provision, stimulating investments and production growth. In this case the risk of rising prices is increasing.
It should be noted that because of the fact, that amount of loans received by credit institutions from the Central Bank at present is relatively minor, the refinancing rate is likely performs as an indicator of intentions of the Central Bank's future monetary policy, indirectly influencing the level of market interest rates ("the signal effect").
Until 2007 in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the refinancing rate was slightly higher, than the rate of annual inflation. In 2007 annual inflation has far exceeded the refinancing rate (7.8%), then in 2008-2009, the refinancing rate was set higher than the annual rate of inflation at 11,2%. In 2011, the refinancing rate was raised to 7.5%, i.e. exceeded inflation by 0.1%. During 2012, the official refinancing rate of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bank has been revised to 4 times downward, to the level of 5.5 percent per annum. In 2013-2014, it has remained at the level of 5.5%.
In 2012-2013, the interest rate policy of the NBK can be characterized as soft: refinancing interest rate was less than the level of annual inflation. Generally low level of interest rates of the Central Bank, in comparison to the level of inflation is one of the forms of economic distribution of financial resources, an additional source of subsidies for enterprises in the real sector of the economy at the expense of commercial banks resources.
Comparing the refinancing rate of the NBK with the level of credit interest rates, it can be noted that since 2010, situation with rates of interest on credits provided to the economy, issued by credit institutions, has been improved (figure 1). The weighted average interest rate according to the NBK, after reaching a peak of growth in 2008, in 2009 decreased to 14.1%, in 2010 to 12.7%, in 2011 to 11.0%, in 2012 to 10.5%, in 2013 to 10.0%. Therefore, reduction of refinancing rate has a significant impact on reduction of interest rates on credits provided to the real sector of economy. However, the difference between refinancing rate and interest rate on credits provided to the economy remains quite significant (4.5% in 2013).
Another important instrument of monetary policy, providing equilibrium to the money market, providing liquidity of credit institutions is the norm of National Bank minimum reserve requirements.
In 2012 the mechanism of minimum reserve requirements has changed the method of minimum reserve requirements definition, as well as the structure of bank liabilities, accepted for the calculation of minimum reserve requirements and structure of reserve assets. Minimum reserve requirements are established separately for the domestic short-term liabilities, domestic long-term liabilities, current liabilities, external long term liabilities (figure 2). Differential regulation began to promote the limit of short-term speculative capital inflow, diversification of bank portfolio, development of long-term bank instruments market, decrease of pressure on foreign exchange market. From the structure of reserve assets were excluded cash and correspondent accounts in foreign currency. The formation of banks reserve assets only through tenge assets will allow the National Bank to adequately evaluate the level of free liquidity of tenge in money market, more clearly respond to changes in demand for the national currency and, accordingly, to improve the efficiency of liquidity regulation operations.
Changing the standards of mandatory reserves effect the activities of credit institutions in terms of money multiplier. However, it is believed that this is a very blunt instrument, which is not allowing the "finetuning": multiplier considerably increases even small changes of reserve requirements. In addition, this tool does not allow controlling of commercial banks excessive reserves, as well as the ratio of "cashdeposits". Both of these parameters depend on the inflationary expectations of banks, enterprises and public, from the stability of the banking system, and the ratio of expected return and investment risk. Therefore, in most developed countries, this tool almost never used.
As the instrument of monetary policy, open market transactions were initiated by the National Bank since 1996, in order to regulate the monetary base and liquidity of government securities. Currently, according to official data of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, the volume of state securities of the Ministry of Finance and shortterm notes of the National Bank in circulation as of 1 January 2014 was 3622,3 billion (figure 3).
Thus, in the period from 2012 to 2013, the volume of short-term notes of the National Bank of Kazakhstan in circulation decreased gradually, on the background of a gradual increase of the total government debt. This is largely due to the need to increase the attractiveness of securities of the Ministry of Finance, the slowdown of exports growth, reducing the need for sterilization of foreign exchange intervention and other.
Analyzing the effectiveness of monetary policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it should be noted that the open market transactions currently, remain underutilized. The main reason for the impossibility to use open market operations to sterilize the money supply is the underdevelopment of the domestic financial market. Government securities continue to be not enough attractive instruments of investment for credit institutions.
The "Main directions of monetary policy for 2013" has provided the introduction of new tools that will strengthen the role of the National Bank and to regulate liquidity of the money market enough flexible [13]. Thus, the National Bank of Kazakhstan has launched a new tool - the auctions for the purchase of securities with a repurchase. It was assumed that the auctions for the purchase of securities with a repurchase will provide banks with liquidity for a period of 2 weeks, i.e. the timing will coincide with the timing of banks compliance with minimum reserve requirements.
Conclusions and prospects for further development in this direction. Currently, the national Bank has a defined set of monetary policy instruments to control rates and regulate liquidity. However, because of insufficient development of the financial market, activities of the National Bank's on management of market rates are not efficient enough. However, improving existing tools, developing new tools and approaches to monetary policy, the National Bank performs its role on regulation of credit institutions activities. Under these conditions, it is necessary to conduct further research in development of effective and permanent transmission mechanism of monetary policy.
References:
- Statistical bulletin of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bank for 2014 - (internet-resource: http:// www.nationalbank.kz /cont/ access date 12.10.2014).
- The concept of development of financial sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan till 2030, approved by the decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August "29 " 2014 No. 954
- Friedman, M. The role of monetary policy // American Economic Review. 1968. No. 58(1).
- M. Lewis, P. Mizen "Monetary Economics" Oxford University Press 2000
- Taylor, J. The robustness and efficiency of monetary policy rules as guidelines for interest rate setting by the European Central Bank // J. of Monetary Economics. 1999. No. 43.
- Walsh, C. Monetary theory and policy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998
- Zhukovskiy V. Overview of the major events and consequences of the latest monetary policy // Russian economic magazine. - 2012. - No.5. - P. 48-64
- Aganbegyan A. G., Yershov M. V. On the relationship of monetary and industrial policy in the activity of Russia banking system //Money and credit. - 2013. - No.6. - P.3-11
- Moiseyev S.R. Monetary policy: theory and practice. Learning guide. - М.: Moscow financial- industrial academy, 2011. - p. 784
- Ulyukayev A.V. Modern monetary policy. Problems and perspectives. М.: Deal, 2009.- p. 357
- Kuchukova N.K. Macroeconomic aspects of development of the financial-credit system of the Republic of Kazakhstan: tendencies and perspectives. - Astana, 2011
- Sembiyeva L.M. Monetary policy in providing sustainable development of Kazakhstan economy: theory, methodology, realization mechanism. - Almaty: Economics, 2007. - p. 356
- The main directions of monetary policy for 2013, approved by Resolution of the Board of National Bank of Kazakhstan January 25 2013